Чеддар адамның қаңқасы: Англиядан табылған ежелгі адам қалдықтары

Remains of a prehistoric human male found in Cheddar Gorge, Somerset, England

Cheddar Man is a human male skeleton found in Gough's Cave in Cheddar Gorge, Somerset, England. The skeletal remains date to around the mid to late 9th millennium BC, corresponding to the Mesolithic period, and it appears that he died a violent death. A large crater like lesion just above the skull's right orbit suggests that the man may have also been suffering from a bone infection. Excavated in 1903, Cheddar Man is Britain's oldest near complete human skeleton. The remains are kept by London's Natural History Museum, in the Human Evolution gallery. Analysis of his nuclear DNA indicates that he was a typical member of the Western European hunter gatherer population at the time, with a most likely phenotype of blue green eyes, dark brown or black hair, and dark or dark to black skin, with no genetic adaption for lactase persistence into adulthood.

The near complete skeleton, an adult male who probably died in his early twenties, was discovered in 1903 by labourers digging a drainage ditch. No grave goods have been reliably associated with the skeleton. It is likely that Cheddar Man was moved to the cave after death as part of what may have been a Mesolithic funerary practice, although it is also possible that he simply died in situ.

Cheddar Man was relatively small compared to modern Europeans, with an estimated stature of around , and weighing around Proportionally, he is in most respects similar to modern Europeans, and may be described as 'cold adapted', but with a high crural index (thigh length to leg length ratio) which is much higher than the modern European average and higher even than the modern sub Saharan African average, and a high tibia length to trunk height ratio similar to modern North Africans.

Nuclear DNA was extracted from the petrous part of the temporal bone by a team from the Natural History Museum in 2018. While the relevant genetic markers on the Cheddar Man genome have low sequencing coverage, limiting the accuracy of the predictions, they suggest (based on their associations in modern populations whose phenotypes are known) that he most likely These features are typical of the Western European population of the time, now known as Western Hunter Gatherers, another example being Loschbour man discovered in Luxembourg. This population forms about 10%, on average, of the ancestry of Britons without a recent family history of immigration.

About 85% of his ancestry can be modelled as coming from the c. 14,000–7,000 year old Villabruna genetic cluster, and only c. 15% from the Goyet Q2 cave cluster whose genes are found in association with the Late Upper Palaeolithic Magdalenian culture. He is not closely related to the earlier Magdalenian individuals found in the same cave, whose ancestry is entirely from the Goyet cluster. The genomes of all British Mesolithic individuals sequenced to date other than Cheddar Man can be modelled as only Villabruna related (WHG) ancestry, without additional Goyet related admixture. The results of the Natural History Museum study gave evidence that Cheddar Man's ancestry, and the wave of anatomically modern humans he was part of, originated in the Middle East. This suggests that his ancestors would have left Africa, moved into the Middle East and later headed west into Europe, before eventually traversing Doggerland, a land bridge which connected Britain to continental Europe. It is estimated that 10% of the genomes of modern white British comes from this population of anatomically modern humans.]] Cheddar Man's Y DNA belonged to an ancient sister branch of modern Haplogroup I2 L38 (I2a2).

Soon after the discovery of the skeleton, Cheddar Man became part of a discourse of British nationalism and cultural heritage, with an initially proposed age of 40,000 80,000 years. The specimen was heralded by some as the 'first Englishman'. In 2018, the publication of the genetics study by Brace et al. and subsequent facial reconstruction of a dark skinned and blue eyed Cheddar Man resulted in widespread media coverage which again described Cheddar Man as the "first Brit", and led to discussion on social media involving themes of immigration, national identity, race, and Brexit. The study was interpreted variously as an anti racist response to anti immigration arguments and as left wing academic propaganda. Cheddar Man's predicted dark skin colour was "strongly suggested" through exhaustive DNA studies. The current scientific consensus holds that populations living in Europe became lighter skinned over time because pale skin absorbs more sunlight, which is required to produce enough vitamin D. There are a handful of genetic variations linked to lighter skin; it was determined in the study that Cheddar Man had "ancestral" versions of all these genes, strongly suggesting he would have had "dark to black" skin tone, but combined with blue eyes.