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Serpentine creature in Japanese mythology

Japanese dragons (日本の竜/龍, Nihon no ryū) are diverse legendary creatures in Japanese mythology and folklore. Japanese dragon myths amalgamate native legends with imported stories about dragons from China, Korea and the Indian subcontinent. The style and appearance of the dragon was heavily influenced by the Chinese dragon, especially the three clawed long (龍) dragons which were introduced in Japan from China in ancient times. Like these other East Asian dragons, most Japanese ones are water deities or kami associated with rainfall and bodies of water, and are typically depicted as large, wingless, serpentine creatures with clawed feet.

The c. 680 AD Kojiki and the c. 720 AD Nihongi mytho histories have the first Japanese textual references to dragons. "In the oldest annals the dragons are mentioned in various ways," explains de Visser, "but mostly as water gods, serpent or dragon shaped." The Kojiki and Nihongi mention several ancient dragons:
was an eight headed and eight tailed dragon slain by the god of wind and sea Susanoo, who discovered the Kusanagi no Tsurugi (legendary sword of the Imperial Regalia of Japan) in one of its tails. or was the ruler of seas and oceans, and described as a dragon capable of changing into human form. He lived in the undersea , where he kept the magical tide jewels. was Ryūjin's daughter. She purportedly was an ancestress of Emperor Jimmu, Japan's legendary first emperor. (鰐) was a sea monster that is translated as both "shark" and "crocodile". (熊鰐) are mentioned in two ancient legends. One says the sea god Kotoshiro nushi no kami transformed into an "8 fathom kuma wani" and fathered Toyotama hime, the other says a kuma wani piloted the ships of Emperor Chūai and his Empress Jingū. (蛟 or 虯) was a river dragon and water deity. The Nihongi records legendary Emperor Nintoku offering human sacrifices to mizuchi angered by his river engineering projects. Raijū is Raijin's animal companion and messenger that commonly take form of a dragon. was a teahouse waitress who fell in love with a young Buddhist priest. After he spurned her, she studied magic, transformed into a dragon, and killed him. was a dragon with a woman's head and a snake's body. She was typically seen while washing her hair on a riverbank and would sometimes kill humans when angered. was a rain god depicted either as a dragon with a snake on its head or as a human with a snake's tail. In the fairy tale "My Lord Bag of Rice", the Ryūō "dragon king" of Lake Biwa asks the hero Tawara Tōda (田原藤太) to kill a giant centipede. Urashima Tarō rescued a turtle which took him to Ryūgū jō and turned into the attractive daughter of the ocean god Ryūjin.

Chinese dragon mythology appears to be the source of Japanese dragon mythology. Japanese words for "dragon" are written with kanji ("Chinese characters"), either simplified shinjitai 竜 or traditional kyūjitai 龍 from Chinese long 龍. These kanji can be read tatsu in native Japanese kun'yomi, and ryū or ryō in Sino Japanese on'yomi. Refn|group="lower alpha"|Alternatively ryō (龍), as archaically pronounced, especially in certain combined forms in set phrases, e. g., , or riryō ganka no tama (驪竜頷下の珠). A common belief in Japan is that the Japanese dragon was native to Japan and was fond of travelling, gaining claws as it walked further from Japan; e. g. when it arrived in Korea, it gained 4 claws; and when it finally arrived to China, it gained five claws. When the Chinese dragons were introduced in Japan, they still had three claws. During World War II the Japanese military named many armaments after Chinese dragons. The Kōryū 蛟竜 < jiaolong 蛟龍 "flood dragon" was a midget submarine and the Shinryū 神竜 < shenlong 神龍 "spirit dragon" was a rocket kamikaze aircraft. An Imperial Japanese Army division, the 56th Division, was codenamed the Dragon Division. Coincidentally, the Dragon Division was annihilated in the Chinese town of Longling (龍陵), whose name means "Dragon's Tomb".

Dragon lore is traditionally associated with Buddhist temples. Myths about dragons living in ponds and lakes near temples are widespread. De Visser lists accounts for Shitennō ji in Osaka, Gogen Temple in Hakone, Kanagawa, and the shrine on Mount Haku where the Genpei Jōsuiki records that a Zen priest saw a 9 headed dragon transform into the goddess Kannon. In the present day, the Lake Saiko Dragon Shrine at Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi has an annual festival and fireworks show. Temple names, like Japanese toponyms, frequently involve dragons. For instance, the Rinzai sect has Tenryū ji 天龍寺 "Heavenly Dragon Temple", Ryūtaku ji 龍沢寺 "Dragon Swamp Temple", Ryōan ji 竜安寺 "Dragon Peace Temple". According to legend, when the Hōkō ji 法興寺 or Asuka dera 飛鳥寺 Buddhist temple was dedicated at Nara in 596, "a purple cloud descended from the sky and covered the pagoda as well as the Buddha hall; then the cloud became five coloured and assumed the shape of a dragon or phoenix". The Kinryū no Mai "Golden Dragon Dance" is an annual Japanese dragon dance performed at Sensō ji, a Buddhist temple in Asakusa. The dragon dancers twist and turn within the temple grounds and outside on the streets. According to legend, the Sensō Temple was founded in 628 after two fishermen found a gold statuette of Kannon in the Sumida River, at which time golden dragons purportedly ascended into heaven. The Golden Dragon Dance was produced to celebrate the reconstruction of the Main Hall of the temple in 1958 and is performed twice yearly.

Japanese dragons are mostly associated with Shinto shrines as well as some Buddhist temples. Itsukushima Shrine on Miyajima or Itsukushima Island in Japan's Inland Sea was believed to be the abode of the sea god Ryūjin's daughter. According to the Gukanshō and The Tale of Heike (Heinrich 1997:74–75), the sea dragon empowered Emperor Antoku to ascend the throne because his father Taira no Kiyomori offered prayers at Itsukushima and declared it his ancestral shrine. When Antoku drowned himself after being defeated in the 1185 Battle of Dan no ura, he lost the imperial Kusanagi sword (which legendarily came from the tail of the Yamata no Orochi] dragon) back into the sea. In another version, divers found the sword, and it is said to be preserved at Atsuta Shrine. The great earthquake of 1185 was attributed to vengeful Heike spirits, specifically the dragon powers of Antoku. Ryūjin shinkō 竜神信仰 "dragon god faith" is a form of Shinto religious belief that worships dragons as water kami. It is connected with agricultural rituals, rain prayers, and the success of fisherman.

The Imperial Japanese Army Air Force gave some of their aircraft dragon related names, for example the Kawasaki Ki 45 twin engine fighter was called Toryu (Dragon Slayer), the Mitsubishi Ki 67 bomber was called Hiryu (Flying Dragon) and the Nakajima Ki 49 bomber was called Donryu (Storm Dragon). The Imperial Japanese Navy and later the Japan Maritime Self Defense Force named some of their ships after dragons. Notable examples are the World War II era aircraft carriers Hiryu and Sōryū and the modern submarines of the Sōryū class. The dragon is a popular figure in yakuza art. Manda, the kaiju film character appearing in films produced by Toho, is depicted as a Japanese dragon. Dragon Ball, a popular manga and anime franchise.