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Blood test utilizing phenolphthalein

The Kastle–Meyer test is a presumptive blood test, first described in 1903, in which the chemical indicator phenolphthalein is used to detect the possible presence of hemoglobin. It relies on the peroxidase like activity of hemoglobin in blood to catalyze the oxidation of phenolphthalin (the colorless reduced form of phenolphthalein) into phenolphthalein, which is visible as a bright pink color. The Kastle–Meyer test is a form of catalytic blood test, one of the two main classes of forensic tests commonly employed by crime labs in the chemical identification of blood. The other class of tests used for this purpose are microcrystal tests, such as the Teichmann crystal test and the Takayama crystal test. The test was named after the American agricultural chemist, Joseph Hoeing Kastle (1864–1916), who in 1901, invented and tested the crude blood test, and the German physician and chemist, Erich Meyer (1874–1927), who modified the test in 1903. In 1903, Erich Meyer in Germany found that blood cells could also trigger the reaction. In 1906, Kastle and Amoss found that chick hemoglobin in blood triggered the reaction. In 1909, Kastle found that the test was sensitive to very dilute samples of blood. However, in 1908, Pozzi Escot (who by then was living in Lima, Peru) found that the test produced false positive reactions in response to a number of substances besides blood.

A presumed blood sample is first collected with a swab. A drop of phenolphthalein reagent is added to the sample, and after a few seconds, a drop of hydrogen peroxide is applied to the swab. If the swab turns pink rapidly, it is said to test presumptive positive for blood. Waiting for periods over 30 seconds will result in most swabs turning pink naturally as they oxidize on their own in the air. Optionally, the swab can first be treated with a drop of ethanol in order to lyse the cells present and gain increased sensitivity and specificity. This test is nondestructive to the sample, which can be kept and used in further tests at the lab; however, few labs would use the swab used for the Kastle–Meyer test in any further testing, opting instead to use a fresh swab of the original stain.

While the Kastle–Meyer test has been reported as being able to detect blood dilutions down to 1:107, there are a number of important limitations to the test. Chemical oxidants such as copper and nickel salts will cause the Kastle–Meyer reagent to turn pink before the addition of the hydrogen peroxide, thus it is vitally important to add the reagent first, then wait a few seconds, then add the hydrogen peroxide. The Kastle–Meyer test has the same reaction with human blood as it does with any other hemoglobin based blood, so a confirmatory test such as the Ouchterlony test must be performed to definitively conclude from which species the blood originated. Color catalytic tests are very sensitive, but not specific. The positive color test alone should not be interpreted as positive proof of blood. A negative result is generally proof of the absence of detectable quantities of heme, however a false negative can be generated in the presence of a reducing agent. The test is unable to give specific evidence as to what is in the blood.

Culliford, Bryan J., The Examination and Typing of Bloodstains in the Crime Laboratory, Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1971. Gaensslen, Robert E., Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1983. Kirk, Paul L., Crime Investigation, John Wiley and Son, 1974. Metropolitan Police Forensic Science Laboratory, Biology Methods Manual, 1978. Ponce, Ana Castelló; Pascual, Fernando A. Verdú, "Critical Revision of Presumptive Tests for Bloodstains," Forensic Science Communications, vol. 1, No. 2, July 1999, pages 1–15. Saferstein, Richard, Forensic Science Handbook, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1982.