1637 жылғы Украинадағы Павлюк көтерілісі

1637 rebellion in Ukraine

The Pavlyuk uprising of 1637 was a Cossack uprising in Left bank Ukraine and Zaporizhia headed by Pavlo Pavliuk against the abuses of the nobility and magnates of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The uprising was sparked by several Cossacks expelled from the Cossack Registry. Pavliuk ordered the captured commanders of the Registered Cossacks to be executed and issued a declaration, in which he proclaimed a fight against the masters. Defeated by the forces of Mikołaj Potocki in the Battle of Kumeyki in 1637, he was brought to Warsaw, tried and executed. The uprising was bloodily quelled, only to restart the following year in the form of the Ostrzanin Uprising, also defeated by the Commonwealth.

It is unclear what sparked the rebellion. Most likely it was the social tension between the "Blacks", or poor peasants of the Right Bank Ukraine, and mighty magnates like Jeremi Wiśniowiecki, who owned considerable wealth and lands in Ruthenia. Around that time local magnates tried to impose the system of pańszczyzna onto local plebeians, which rose tensions to record levels. Another reason for dissent was the number of Registered Cossacks on royal payroll, considered too small by many poor inhabitants of the region. One of the leaders of the "Blacks", or poor peasants and non registered Cossacks, Pavel Mikhnovych But nicknamed Pavlyuk, gathered around himself a large band of armed Zaporozhian Cossacks and reached the fortress town of Korsuń, the headquarters of the Registered Cossacks and the largest Polish royal outpost in the Borderlands. Pavlyuk had already taken part in the earlier Sulima Uprising of 1635, but was pardoned when he promised not to rise arms against the Commonwealth again. The new Cossack uprising was to be quelled by hetman Stanisław Koniecpolski, however his declining health made the king offer the bulawa to hetman Mikołaj Potocki instead. The battle, while disastrous for the Registered Cossacks who were killed almost to the last man, was victorious for the Polish side and the Cossacks retreated in disarray, while Pavlyuk was captured. The Polish commander in chief gave his word to the defeated Cossacks that both ordinary soldiers and their leader would be spared. In return, the Cossacks surrendered their arms and their remaining leaders.