Құпиялар мен құдайлар: KULT ролелік ойынының тарихы мен мәнісі

Kult (Swedish for "Cult", stylized as KULT) is a contemporary horror role playing game originally created by Gunilla Jonsson and Michael Petersén with illustrations by Nils Gulliksson, first published in Sweden by Äventyrsspel (later Target Games) in 1991. Kult is notable for its philosophical and religious depth as well as for its mature and controversial content. The first English edition was published in 1993 by Metropolis Ltd. In 1995, 7ème Cercle translated the second Swedish edition into French. In 2018 current licensor Helmgast released the fourth edition called Kult: Divinity Lost created by Robin Liljenberg and Petter Nallo. This edition moved the setting from the then current 1990s to the now current 2010s and was completely rewritten with new art, layout and a ruleset based on Powered by the Apocalypse. The new edition was well received by critics and fans and won two Ennies for Best Writing and Best Cover 2019, and was also nominated for Best Interior Art.

The default backdrop is that of present larger cities; players taking the roles of contemporary multi genre protagonists, such as private investigators and femmes fatales, vigilantes and drug dealers, artists and journalists, or secret agents and mad scientists. In the game, however, all of this and the entire visible world is an illusion held together by a monotheistic belief which is unravelling to reveal a darker backdrop where nightmarish monsters lurk, called "reality" in the game. This illusion was created by the Demiurge to hold humanity prisoner and to prevent mankind from regaining the divinity it once had. In the absence of this Demiurge, sinister forces plot to keep humanity from realizing the truth, or even to plunge the world into an apocalyptic war to restore humanity's ignorance and blind faith in the divine order. Some symbols and creatures appearing in Kult can also be seen in other Swedish games to which the Kult authors and production team also have contributed. The Mutant Chronicles' universe (created by Nils Gulliksson and Michael Stenmark) its spin offs share creatures such as Nepharites and Razides which appear in the game.

The original system is a skill based system utilizing 20 sided dice (related to Chaosium's BRP system, which had already been used by Äventyrsspel for their Drakar och Demoner rpgs), with point based characters. In the game, a natural 1 usually is great success with added bonuses and a natural 20 means a complete failure. Normal characters usually have skill ranges of 3 to 20; to succeed in a skill roll, the player needs to roll equal or below his character's skill. The lower the player rolls below the skill number, the greater the success. Extraordinary characters and inhuman entities can have skill values far above the normal range. The recent edition KULT: Divinity Lost uses rules that are based on the Apocalypse World rules engine. You roll two ten sided dice, add possible modifications, and try to reach at least 10 to avoid failure or 15 to gain a complete success. KULT: Divinity Lost also has a system where the Gamemaster builds the campaign around the Player Characters and aims to reach true personal horror. There are several different official rulesets for combat. The second and third English edition rules use a system based on Damage Effect Factors (DEF). The fourth edition, KULT: Divinity Lost, has less focus on combat than previous editions. Sorcerers can cast spells from one (or rarely more) of five different Lores; Death, Dream, Madness, Passion and Time & Space. Because these spells have (very) long casting times (up to several days), highly specific and exacting verbal, material and somatic requirements, and can only be cast inside the sorcerer's consecrated temple, these spells are actually more like quasi religious rituals. These rules evoke a superficial similarity to Hermetical traditions, possibly to heighten the modern real world aspect of the game setting.

Early editions of the game use "mental balance" as a gauge of player characters' sanity. Both a high or low (+25/ 25) mental balance affects how normal people and animals react to the character. Characters with an extremely high or low mental balance can transcend the Illusion and regain their lost divine status through Awakening. This occurs if mental balance reaches +500 or 500. A character's mental balance can move in a positive or negative direction due to trauma, influence from creatures or places, or by advantages and disadvantages from talents or traits, such as (on the positive side) animal friendship, artistic talent, body awareness, a code of honor, or (on the negative side) social ineptitude, addiction, paranoia, or a mystic curse. The further the character strays away from the zero point, the more sociopathic, strange or eccentric they become. Characters with a very high or very low mental balance start to involuntarily manifest outward physical signs. In the fourth edition of Kult, the mental balance system was removed, as the developers found it impractical during gameplay. Instead, characters take on different archetypes in the path toward Awakening: The Sleeper, The Aware, and The Enlightened.

Kult was originally published by the company Target Games in 1991 as a Swedish role playing game, and has later been translated into several other languages. Kult has been published in Swedish, German, English, Italian, Spanish, Polish and French. American game company Metropolis Ltd. published the English language game through three editions and new supplements, with a new US background and a revised page design and editing led by Terry K. Amthor. After leaving Iron Crown Enterprises full time in 1992, Amthor co founded Metropolis Ltd. to produce the English language version of Kult. In 1992–1994, Amthor edited, co authored and art directed several books for the line. The third English edition of Kult had two English books released in print form: a player's handbook named "Kult Rumours" in 2001 and the core rulebook, subtitled Beyond The Veil, printed in 2004. Both are out of print, though copies can be purchased through secondary and specialized markets. The former publishers were 7ème Cercle (French) and Raven Distribution (Italian). The license has been the property of first Target Games, then Paradox Entertainment, and, in 2015, Cabinet Holdings.

Currently, Kult is licensed by Helmgast. A 2016 Kickstarter campaign funded a new edition of the game, entitled 'Kult: Divinity Lost'. This edition uses a different rules engine than previous editions, one based on Apocalypse World and its Powered by the Apocalypse rules engine. It updates the setting to answer the question “What would Kult had been like if it was released in 2016 instead of 1991?” The game was released in 2018. In 2017 Free League Publishing published Anders Fager's novel "För Gudinnan" (for the love of the goddess) set in the Kult universe. Fager has also written an audiolouge called "Faraday" set in the Kult adventure Tarroticum. In 2018 and 2020 Free League Publishing published two novels written by the original creators of Kult, Gunilla Jonsson and Michael Petersén. They are both set in the Kult universe called "Döden är bara början" (Death is only the beginning, 2018) and "De levande döda" (The living dead, 2020)

Similar to the moral panic of Dungeons & Dragons in the United States in the 1980s, Kult figured in Swedish controversies of the 1990s. At the time of the game's initial publication, role playing games in Sweden were still sold primarily through toy stores rather than bookstores or specialized hobby shops. Kult was noted by the general press several times during the decade after its initial publication, and in 1997 the Kult core rules were quoted in a motion in the Parliament of Sweden. The motion was to stop taxpayer funding of youth groups that were active with role playing. It refers to the Bjuv Murder where a 15 year old in a small town in southern Sweden called Bjuv was killed by two 16 and 17 year old friends who (according to the legal motion) were influenced by Kult. Writer Didi Örnstedt and painter Björn Sjöstedt wrote a book, De Övergivnas Armé (Army of the Abandoned), where they warn against the role playing game hobby, with a particular focus on the game Kult. The title refers to children supposedly ignored by their parents and therefore susceptible to a projected radicalization of RPGs. Critics of role playing games have attempted to tie Kult to a 16 year old Swedish boy who committed suicide by shotgun in November 1996. The local newspaper Tønsbergs Blad in Tønsberg, Norway similarly used Kult in relation to the disappearance of a boy called Andreas Hammer on July 1, 1994. Andreas Hammer allegedly played Kult the week prior to his disappearance. He is still missing.

Jeff Koke reviewed Kult for Pyramid #3 (Sept./Oct., 1993), and stated that "All in all, Kult is a very good system and background for roleplayers who are mature enough to delve into truly dark roleplaying. Even for those players who dislike being immersed in depressing, hopeless worlds, the background has enough tidbits of bleak imagery and morsels of horrific scenery that it's worth the cover price just to browse through the Metropolis."

Kult (card game) by Bryan Winter. In August–November 2011, Dark Horse Comics released a 4 issue mini series based on the RPG.