Мария Альтман: Нацилерден ұрланған туындыларды қайтару күресі

Austrian American Jewish refugee (1916–2011)

Maria Altmann (née Maria Victoria Bloch, later Bloch Bauer; February 18, 1916 – February 7, 2011) was an Austrian American Jewish refugee from Austria, who fled her home country after it was annexed to the Third Reich. She is noted for her ultimately successful legal campaign to reclaim from the Government of Austria five family owned paintings by the artist Gustav Klimt that were stolen by the Nazis during World War II.

Maria Altmann was born Maria Victoria Bloch on February 18, 1916, in Vienna, Austria Hungary, the daughter of Marie Therese (née Bauer 1874–1961) and Gustav Bloch (1862–1938). The family name was changed to Bloch Bauer the following year. She was a niece of Adele Bloch Bauer, a wealthy Jewish patron of the arts who served as the model for some of Klimt's best known paintings and who hosted a Viennese salon that regularly attracted the most prominent artists of the day, including Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Arthur Schnitzler, Johannes Brahms, Franz Werfel, Alma Mahler, Leo Slezak, Otto Wagner, George Minne, Karl Renner, Julius Tandler, and Klimt. Her nephew was Canadian businessman and arts patron Peter Bentley. In 1937, Maria married Fredrick "Fritz" Altmann. Not long after their Paris honeymoon, the 1938 Anschluss incorporated Austria into Nazi Germany. Under the Nazis, Fredrick was arrested in Austria and held hostage at the Dachau concentration camp to force his brother Bernhard Altmann, by then safely in England, to transfer his successful Bernhard Altmann textile factory into German hands. Fredrick was released and the couple fled. They made a harrowing escape, leaving behind their home, loved ones, and property, including jewelry that later found its way into the collection of Hermann Göring. Many of their friends and relatives were either killed by the Nazis or committed suicide. Traveling by way of Liverpool, England, they reached the United States and settled first in Fall River, Massachusetts, and finally in the wealthy Los Angeles neighborhood of Cheviot Hills. Maria Altmann's cousin, Ruth Rogers Altmann, made it out of Vienna around the same time and settled in New York. Shortly after Maria arrived in Los Angeles, Bernhard Altmann mailed her a sweater made of cashmere wool – a luxury fabric not yet widely available in the United States – accompanied with the note: "See what you can do with this." Maria took the sweater to Kerr's Department Store in Beverly Hills and attracted a multitude of buyers in California and across the United States for Bernhard Altmann's cashmere sweaters. Maria became the face of cashmere in California and eventually started her own clothing business. Among her clients was Caroline Brown Tracy, the mother of actor Spencer Tracy. Altmann became a naturalized American citizen in 1945. Her husband died in 1994.

Altmann's uncle, Czech sugar magnate Ferdinand Bloch Bauer, owned a small collection of artwork by Gustav Klimt, including two portraits of his wife, Adele Bloch Bauer. In her will, Adele, who died in 1925, had asked her husband to leave the Klimts to the Austrian State Gallery upon his death; a much debated point later was whether this request should be considered legally binding upon her husband, who was himself the owner of the paintings. Following the Anschluss of 1938 and Ferdinand's flight from Austria, the paintings were looted, initially falling into the hands of a Nazi lawyer. Ferdinand Bloch Bauer died on November 13, 1945, leaving his estate to a nephew and two nieces, one of whom was Maria Altmann. By this time, six of the paintings, Buchenwald (1903), Adele Bloch Bauer I (1907), Schloss Kammer am Attersee III (1910), Adele Bloch Bauer II (1912), Apfelbaum I (1912) and Häuser in Unterach am Attersee (1916), had made their way into the possession of the Austrian government. With Austria under pressure in the 1990s to re examine its Nazi past, the Austrian Green Party helped pass a new law in 1998 introducing greater transparency into the murky process of dealing with the issue of restitution of artworks looted during the Nazi period. By opening the archives of the Ministry of Culture for the first time, the new law enabled Austrian investigative journalist Hubertus Czernin to discover that, contrary to what had been generally assumed, Ferdinand Bloch Bauer had never donated the paintings to the state museum. On January 16, 2006, the arbitration panel ruled that Austria was legally required to return the art to Altmann and the other family heirs, and in March of the same year Austria returned the paintings. The paintings were estimated to be collectively worth at least $150 million when returned. In monetary terms this represented the largest single return of Nazi looted art in Austria. The paintings left Austria in March 2006 and were on display at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art until June 30, 2006. Months after the Austrian government returned Altmann's family's belongings, she consigned the Klimt paintings to the auction house Christie's to be sold on behalf of her family. The painting Portrait of Adele Bloch Bauer I (1907) was sold to cosmetics heir Ronald Lauder for $135 million, at the time the highest sum ever paid for a painting. Since July 13, 2006, the painting has been on public display in the Neue Galerie in New York City, which was established by Lauder in 2001. The four additional works by Klimt were also exhibited at the Neue Gallerie for several weeks in 2006. In November 2006, Adele Bloch Bauer II was sold at auction at Christie's in New York to Oprah Winfrey, fetching almost $88 million. In total, the four remaining paintings sold at auction for $192.7 million; coupled with the Lauder bought painting the sum total was approximately $325 million. The proceeds were divided among several heirs. A share of the money earned through the sale of the paintings was used to found the Maria Altmann Family Foundation, which supports the Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust and other public and philanthropic institutions.

Altmann died on February 7, 2011, at her home in the Cheviot Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles, shortly before her 95th birthday. Obituaries appeared in The New York Times, The Guardian, and many other publications internationally. Altmann is portrayed by Helen Mirren and Tatiana Maslany in the 2015 film Woman in Gold, chronicling Altmann's nearly decade long struggle to recover the Klimt paintings. The film also stars Ryan Reynolds as E. Randol Schoenberg. Similarly to Woman in Gold, Laurie Lico Albanese's 2017 historical fiction novel, Stolen Beauty, tells the story of Maria Altmann and her aunt Adele Bloch Bauer.