Жер басқарушысы: "Landdrost" тарихы мен мағынасы

Landdrost was the title of various officials with local jurisdiction in the Netherlands and a number of former territories in the Dutch Empire. The term is a Dutch compound, with land meaning "region" and drost, from Middle Dutch drossāte (droes state, bloke castle, state holder) which originally referred to a lord’s chief retainer (who later became the medieval seneschal or steward), equivalent to:
an English reeve or steward;
a Low German Drost(e) of Northern Germany (cognate with German Truchsess); or
German Meier (from Latin majordomus).

Originally, a drost in the Low Countries – where various titles were in use for similar offices – was essentially a steward or seneschal under the local lord, exercising various functions depending on the endlessly varied local customary law, e. g. tax collection, policing, prosecution, and carrying out sentences. In many Lower Rhenish and Westphalian and Lower Saxon estates of the Holy Roman Empire the term Landdrost or Drost(e) described the chief executive official of a military, jurisdictional and/or police ambit, representing his lord paramount of the territory, therefore often appearing with the affix 'land '. Among the many territories using the term were the Prince Archbishopric of Bremen, the Prince Bishopric of Hildesheim, the County of Mark, and the Duchy of Mecklenburg.

In the Cape Colony, an ordinance passed in 1827 abolished the old Dutch "landdrost" and courts of heemraden, instead substituting British type resident magistrates, who would act only in English. Most of the Cape’s magistrates were also civil commissioners, in charge of civil divisions – the Cape Peninsula was a single division (the Cape division) with three magisterial districts: Cape Town, Wynberg and Simon’s Town. In the Boer republics, each proclaimed district had a landdrost. With the annexation of the South African Republic and the Orange Free State during the Boer War, the office fell away, the landdrosts being replaced by British style magistrates. Since 1958, "landdros" has been used as the Afrikaans term for a magistrate.

In 1823 the Kingdom of Hanover, then in personal union with the UK, adopted the term for its administrative subdivisions called Landdrostei[en] (sg.[pl. ]), each presided over by a Landdrost, with those terms then translated into English as High Bailiwick and High Bailiff. On 1 April 1885 the terms were replaced in Hanover by the terms Regierungsbezirk (governorate) and Regierungspräsident (governor).

After the creation of the Zuidelijke IJsselmeerpolders, now part of the province of Flevoland, the newly claimed area was governed by the landdrost of the Openbaar Lichaam Zuidelijke IJsselmeerpolders (Public Body of the Southern IJsselmeer Polders) until it was partitioned into municipalities.