Уильям Бушнелл Стаут: Автомобиль және авиацияның иноваторы

American inventor, engineer, and designer

William Bushnell Stout (March 16, 1880 – March 20, 1956) was a pioneering American inventor, engineer, developer and designer whose works in the automotive and aviation fields were groundbreaking. Known by the nickname "Bill", Stout designed an aircraft that eventually became the Ford Trimotor and was an executive at the Ford Motor Company.

In 1914, Stout became Chief Engineer of the Scripps Booth Automobile Company. His "Cyclecar" had caught the attention of Alvan MacCauley who subsequently brought Stout to Packard Motors in Detroit. He had become General Sales Manager of the Packard Motor Car Company and in 1916, when they started an aviation division, they asked Stout to become its first Chief Engineer. In 1919 he started the Stout Engineering Company in Dearborn, Michigan, complete with a research section and later built the prototype Stout Scarab car in 1932. In 1934 he founded the Stout Motor Car Company. In the last years of World War II, Stout, in co operation with Owen Corning, began what was called Project Y to build a one off car for evaluation of ideas like a frame less fiberglass body, belt drive rear wheel drive, a suspension which kept the vehicle from leaning into turns by adjusting the suspension using compressed air, and push button electric doors. When the vehicle was made public in 1946, Stout picked the name Forty Six for that year. Some firms considered producing the Forty Six, but as Stout stated he doubted there would be much of a market for a $10,000 dollar car, the estimated price if it had been mass produced.

Stout's aviation career began as a result of his success in his automotive efforts. He began to build a number of all metal aircraft designs, which, like the earliest aircraft designs of Andrei Tupolev in the Soviet Union, was based on the pioneering work of Hugo Junkers. In February 1923, newspapers carried stories of the test flights of the Stout Air Sedan with Walter Lees as the pilot. In 1924 his company, the Stout Metal Airplane Company, was bought by the Ford Motor Company. Stout developed a thick wing monoplane, and his design of an internally braced cantilevered wing improved the efficiency of aircraft. This led to the development of the famous "Batwing Plane" and the all metal "Torpedo Plane". After his career at Packard Motors, he left for Washington to serve as the advisor to the United States Aircraft Board. Stout developed an all metal transport aircraft for mail use, the Stout 2 AT. His three engine follow on, the Stout 3 AT, was underpowered, and did not perform as well, leaving Stout out of the engineering role in his company newly acquired by Ford. The redesigned 3 AT did form the basis for the popular Ford Trimotor aircraft. In August 1925, Stout inaugurated Stout Air Services, which operated the first regularly scheduled airline in the United States. Stout also built the Liberty powered all metal monoplanes to initiate this service. Later, between 1928 and 1932, the airline flew passengers and Ford cargo between Dearborn, Chicago and Cleveland. In 1929, Stout sold Stout Air Services to United Airlines. After the Great Depression in 1929 reduced sales of the Trimotor aircraft, Stout left Ford in 1930. Although no longer with Ford, he continued to operate his Stout Engineering Laboratory. Stout also invested in the short lived Wichita, Kansas based Buckley Aircraft Company, developing the all aluminum Buckley LC 4. In 1930 Stout said: "Aviation in the U. S. has been stagnating for two years. We are all copying. Aviation has shown no progress comparable to that made in radio and talking pictures. Think how many copies have been made of the plane Colonel Lindbergh used on his flight across the Atlantic of other famous planes. None of us are building the plane that the public wants to buy, and that proves we are standing still." In 1943 Stout sold the Stout engineering laboratory to Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation becoming the Stout Research Division of Consolidated. He was named the director of Convair's research division through World War II. While at Consolidated, Stout promoted three designs for postwar production, including a flying car using a Spratt wing. Stout's other innovations included the Skycar, an automobile/airplane hybrid and a Pullman Railplane and Club Car. He is also known as the originator of prefab housing and the sliding car seat. All of these innovations were modern in design, incorporating many features new in both appearance and function, features not yet available in vehicle design.

Stout retired to Phoenix, Arizona, and died on March 20, 1956, four days after his 76th birthday. #tag:ref|Quote: "William Bushnell Stout, designer of the old Ford Tri Motor plane, died of a heart attack at his home here today. His age was 76." William B. Stout Middle School in Dearborn, Michigan bears his name.