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Air officer in charge of armaments

A Weapon Systems Officer (WSO), nicknamed "Wizzo", is an air flight officer directly involved in all air operations and weapon systems of a military aircraft. Historically, aircrew duties in military aircraft were highly specialised and rigid, because the relevant controls, instruments/displays, and/or weapons were concentrated in front of particular seats, panels or positions. That included two seat variants of fighter or attack/strike aircraft (including late 20th century types such as the F 4 Phantom II, A 6 Intruder, F 111 Aardvark, F 14 Tomcat, Panavia Tornado, Su 24 Fencer and Su 30MK Flanker C, Dassault Mirage 2000N/2000D). From the 1970s onward an aircraft with two member crews, such as the F 15E Strike Eagle, F/A 18F Super Hornet or Su 34 Fullback and Dassault Rafale B have often featured programmable multi function displays. These programs allow roles to be more flexible than previous generation aircraft. Multiple crew members can be responsible for detecting, targeting and engaging air to air or ground targets, communications, datalinks and/or defensive systems. Roles can be customized based on experience, expertise, workload, tactics, and weapons being employed. Pilots usually retain the responsibility for flying the aircraft in tactical situations. However, the crews of dedicated bomber aircraft usually retain distinct, rigidly defined and conventional roles.

In the Royal Air Force, a WSO is a commissioned officer that operates aircraft mission systems formerly on the Tornado GR4, Sentinel R1 and Boeing E 3 Sentry, however now on the Reaper MQ 9A drone, the RC 135W Rivet Joint, Shadow R1, and the Poseidon MRA1 maritime patrol aircraft. Non commissioned Aircrew can serve as a WSOp (Weapon Systems Operator), an umbrella term for the various specialist aircrew responsible for assisting the pilot in operating the mission systems of the aircraft (e. g. linguists, loadmasters, crewman).

In the United States Navy, WSOs are naval flight officers responsible for manning the weapon systems of the F/A 18F Super Hornet strike fighter from that jet's aft seat. Prior to the introduction of the F/A 18F, they were known as Radar Intercept Officers (RIO) in the aft seats of the F 4 Phantom II and F 14 Tomcat; as Bombardier/Navigators (B/N) in the right seat of the A 6 Intruder and the A 3 Skywarrior and in the aft seat in the A 5 Vigilante; and Reconnaissance Attack Navigators (RAN) in the aft seat of the RA 5C Vigilante. In U. S. Naval Aviation (USN & USMC), when designated as the mission commander (MC), the WSO is responsible for all phases of the assigned mission, especially if there are multiple aircraft involved. For example, the aircraft pilot could be the junior member of a flight crew such as a USN lieutenant, junior grade/USMC 1st lieutenant or USN lieutenant/USMC captain, and the weapon systems officer could be a senior officer such as a USN lieutenant commander, commander or captain, or a USMC major, lieutenant colonel, or colonel; this would likely make the WSO the mission commander. As of 2021, the USMC is moving away from the use of the F/A 18 Hornet to the F 35 which does not utilize the WSO position. Hence the last class of USMC WSO's graduated from NAS Pensacola in 2021.

In the U. S. Air Force, "WSO" also refers to a USAF combat systems officer (CSO, formerly NOT USAF navigator) who is the aft crew member in the F 15E Strike Eagle. In the B 52, the CSO crew members on the lower deck of the aircraft who were previously designated as navigator and radar navigator (bombardier) are now known as weapon systems officers while the CSO on the upper deck is an electronic warfare officer. In the B 1B Lancer bomber, there are 2 weapon systems officers manning crew positions aft of the pilot and co pilot. They are known as the Offensive Systems Officer (OSO), and the Defensive Systems Officer (DSO). WSOs also flew in the now retired F 111 Aardvark strike bomber, flown by the US Air Force and Royal Australian Air Force, and the now retired USAF EF 111A Raven airborne jammer. In the F 111, the WSO (EWO in the EF 111) was seated directly to the right of the pilot/aircraft commander. The WSO integrates with the pilot to collectively achieve and maintain crew efficiency, situational awareness and mission effectiveness. In the U. S. Air Force fighter aircraft such as the F 15E Strike Eagle, the WSO can pilot the aircraft when required, although this is typically during non tactical portions of the mission (e. g., en route to mission area or returning to base). When designated as the mission commander (MC), the WSO is also responsible for all phases of the assigned mission, especially if there are multiple aircraft involved. For example, the aircraft pilot could be the junior member of a flight crew such as a first lieutenant or captain, and the weapon systems officer could be a senior officer such as a major, lieutenant colonel, or colonel; regardless of rank, the WSO would be the mission commander if he/she is qualified.

Currently, all USN WSOs begin their training as student naval flight officers (SNFO) at NAS Pensacola, Florida. Training begins with Introductory Flight Screening, where the WSO flies a Cessna 172 or Piper PA 28 variant to show they are competent enough in aviation to continue the rigorous training ahead. Then the SNFO starts the U. S. Navy indoctrination course called Aviation Preflight Indoctrination (API) with their student naval aviator (pilot) counterparts. After six weeks of ground school and basic water survival training during API, future SWSOs (Student WSOs), at that point known as student naval flight officers (SNFO) check into the primary Training Squadron for SNFOs, the VT 10 Wildcats.

Training begins with several weeks of ground school followed by remnants of the "super fo" program from the U. S. Navy where the SNFO takes front seat of the new T 6 Texan II for six "contact" flights where the student will become familiar with the T 6. The SNFO is treated like a pilot training student for these six flights. After Contacts, the SNFO goes back to academics to learn instrument flying rules. Primary ends with a final instrument checkride. After primary the SNFO is compared to his or her shipmates and selected for either land based naval aircraft or tailhook aircraft. Those SNFOs destined for the carrier based E 2C or E 2D Hawkeye will be known as air control officers and combat information center officers, while those destined for the EA 18G Growler (USN only) will be electronic warfare officers (EWO). Those destined for the F/A 18F Super Hornet (USN Only) or the F/A 18D Hornet (USMC only) will become WSOs.

Intermediate picks up where Primary ends for USAF SWSOs. After the instrument phase of training, students move to visual navigation (VNAV) "low levels" at 2000'AGL, and finish in the T 6 with a final training block called "forms" (formation flying). Forms consist of four flights of learning the basics of close in formation flying. After forms, SWSOs head back to ground school to learn an entirely new aircraft, the USN T 39 Sabreliner. The T 39 is used as an intermediate instrument and low level trainer for SWSOs, where they receive a total of eight flights. Students are required to learn the aircraft in a two week ground school period before they go flight side. In contrast, T 6 ground school is four weeks. Training ends at either VT 10 or VT 4 with the "i grad" ceremony and top graduate award.

VT 86 is where all the training comes together to culminate in the SWSO receiving his or her wings of gold. In the T 45C, a USN single engine jet trainer, SWSOs learn advanced instrument flying, radar navigation, and composite visual/radar navigation. SWSOs also receive instruction in Air to Ground strike training, Air to Air intercept training, Basic Fighter Maneuvering, and Close Air Support. A/G Training takes place on both VR and IR routes that criss cross the south east United States. After completion of the syllabus, track selection takes place. Navy SWSOs select either the F/A 18F Super Hornet, or the E/A 18 Growler. Marine SWSOs by default select the F/A 18D Hornet. The final three months of some of the hardest training at Pensacola will leave the SWSO F/A 18 selectee with their wings of gold. Air Force WSOs no longer train at VT 86.