Оңтүстік Месопотамиядан табылған Гудеаның 27 мүсіні

27 statues found in southern Mesopotamia

Approximately twenty seven statues of Gudea have been found in southern Mesopotamia. Gudea was a ruler (ensi) of the state of Lagash between c. 2144 BC and 2124 BC, and the statues demonstrate a very sophisticated level of craftsmanship for that time. The known statues have been named by archaeologists as "A" to "Z" and "AA". Many statues are headless, and there are also detached heads. Gudea is named in the dedicatory inscription carved on most statues, but in some cases the identity of the ruler portrayed is uncertain.

Statues A–K were found during Ernest de Sarzec's excavations in the court of the palace of Adad nadin ahhe in Telloh (ancient Girsu). Statues M–Q come from clandestine excavations in Telloh in 1924; the rest come from the art trade, with unknown provenances and sometimes of doubtful authenticity. Figures L and R do not represent Gudea with reasonable certainty.

The statues were to represent the ruler in temples, to offer a constant prayer in his stead; offerings were made to these. Most of the statues bear an inscribed dedication explaining to which god it was dedicated. Gudea is either sitting or standing; in one case (N), he holds a water jug au vase jaillissant. He normally wears a close fitting kaunakes, maybe made of sheep skin, and a long tasseled dress. Only in one example (M, Soclet statue) he wears a different dress, reminiscent of the Akkadian royal costume (torso of Manishtushu). On the lap of one of them (statue B) is the plan of his palace, with the scale of measurement attached. Statue F is similar to statue B; both are missing their heads, and have on their lap a board with a measuring scale and a stylus, only statue F doesn't have a ground plan.

It seems that the early statues are small and made of more local stones (limestone, steatite and redstone); later, when wide ranging trade connections had been established, the more costly exotic diorite was used. Unlike the local stone, diorite is extremely hard, and so difficult to carve. Diorite had already been used by old Sumerian rulers (Statue of Entemena). According to the inscriptions, the diorite (, 'diorite or gabbro') came from Magan. The remnants of a very large diorite statue in the British Museum may be a representation of Gudea, but this cannot be determined with certainty. What remains of the statue is 1.5 metres high (and weighs over 1250 kg), meaning that if it were fully reconstructed the statue would be well over 3 metres high and the largest yet discovered sculpture of the ruler.

The dedication of the diorite statues normally tell how ensi Gudea had diorite brought from the mountains of Magan, formed it as a statue of himself, called by name to honour god/goddess (x) and had the statue brought into the temple of (y). Most of the big (almost lifesize, D is even bigger than life) statues are dedicated to the top gods of Lagash: Ningirsu, his wife Ba'u, the goddesses Gatumdu and Inanna and Ninhursanga as the "Mother of the gods". Q is dedicated to Ningiszida, Gudea's personal protective deity more properly connected to rand Abu Salabikh, the smaller M, N and O to his "wife" Gestinanna. The connection between Ningiszida and Gestinanna was probably invented by Archaeologists in order to effect a closer connection to Lagash.

Number Image Material Size Posture Provenance Dedicated to Today at Museum catalogue number A diorite 1.24m standing excavations E. de Sarzec, Telloh Ninhursanga/Nintu Louvre AO 8 B diorite 0.93m sitting excavations E. de Sarzec, Telloh Ningirsu Louvre AO 2 C diorite 1.38m standing excavations E. de Sarzec, Telloh Inanna Louvre AO 5 D diorite 1.57m sitting excavations E. de Sarzec, Telloh Ningirsu Louvre AO 1 E diorite 1.42m standing excavations E. de Sarzec, Telloh Ba'u Louvre AO 6 F diorite 0.86m sitting excavations E. de Sarzec, Telloh Gatumdu Louvre AO 3 G diorite 1.33m standing excavations E. de Sarzec, Telloh Ningirsu Louvre AO 7 H diorite 0.77m sitting excavations E. de Sarzec, Telloh Ba'u Louvre AO 4 I diorite 0.45m sitting excavations E. de Sarzec, Telloh Ningishzida Louvre AO 3293 + AO 4108 J diorite excavations E. de Sarzec, Telloh K diorite 1.24m standing excavations E. de Sarzec, Telloh Ningirsu Louvre AO 10 L diorite (Kudurru) M alabaster or paragonite 0.41m standing clandestine excavations, Telloh 1924 Geshtinanna Detroit Institute of Arts N dolerite, calcite or steatite 0.61m standing clandestine excavations, Telloh 1924 Geshtinanna Louvre AO 22126 O steatite 0.63m standing clandestine excavations, Telloh 1924 Geshtinanna Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen NCG 840 P diorite 0.44m sitting clandestine excavations, Telloh 1924 Ningishzida New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art 59.2 Q diorite 0.33m sitting clandestine excavations, Telloh 1924 Ningishzida body in Baghdad, head in Philadelphia body: 2909, head: CBS 16664 R diorite 0.185m sitting art trade Namhani Harvard Semitic Museum HSM 8825 S limestone standing Louvre T 1.24m Golenishev collection U dolerite 0.71m sitting Seleucia ad Tigrim near Seleucia Ninhursanga/Nintu British Museum 98065 V diorite 0.78m standing art trade British Museum 122910 W Limestone 0.34m standing art trade X Limestone standing Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul Y limestone Ningirsu Z diorite AA limestone