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On 18 January 2007, the cabinet of Nigeria approved the Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act 2006 and sent it to the National Assembly for urgent action. The bill, however, did not pass. On 29 November 2011, the Senate of Nigeria passed the "Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Bill, 2011". The bill was passed on 30 May 2013 by the House of Representatives of Nigeria. If signed into law by President Goodluck Jonathan, the bill would:
make a marriage contract or civil union entered into between persons of the same sex "invalid and illegal and not recognized as entitled to the benefits of a valid marriage"
make void and unenforceable in Nigeria a marriage contract or civil union entered into between persons of the same sex by virtue of a certificate issued by a foreign country
prohibit the solemnization of any marriage or civil union entered into between persons of the same sex "in any place of worship either Church or Mosque or any other place or whatsoever called in Nigeria"
prohibit the registration of "gay clubs, societies and organisations, their sustenance, processions and meetings"
prohibit the "public show of same sex amorous relationship directly or indirectly"
make a person who enters into a same sex marriage contract or civil union liable for 14 years' imprisonment
make a person who "registers, operates or participates in gay clubs, societies and organisation, or directly or indirectly make public show of same sex amorous relationship in Nigeria" liable for 10 years' imprisonment
make a person or group of persons that "witness, abet and aids the solemnization of a same sex marriage or civil union, or supports the registration, operation and sustenance of gay clubs, societies, organisations, processions or meetings in Nigeria" liable for 10 years' imprisonment
define "civil union" for purposes of this law to mean "any arrangement between persons of the same sex to live together as sex partners, and include such descriptions as adult independent relationships, caring partnerships, civil partnerships, civil solidarity pacts, domestic partnerships, reciprocal beneficiary relationships, registered partnerships, significant relationships, stable unions, etc." On 7 January 2014, the president of Nigeria, Goodluck Jonathan, signed into law the Same Sex Marriage Prohibition Act, which parliament passed in May 2013. The law follows a similar one passed in Uganda in December 2013, which imposes life imprisonment for some types of homosexual acts.

The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria does not specifically protect LGBT rights, but it does contain various provisions guaranteeing all citizens equal rights (Section 17(2)(a)) as well as other rights, including adequate medical and health care (Section 17(3)(d)) and equal opportunity in the workplace (Section 17(3)(a)). There is no enacted legislation protecting against discrimination or harassment based on sexual orientation or gender identity. None of the political parties in Nigeria has formally endorsed LGBT rights. Two of the most successful political parties in the National Assembly, the People's Democratic Party and the All Nigeria Peoples Party, are overtly hostile to LGBT rights. Smaller, more liberal political parties have also spoken against LGBT rights.

Nigeria is considered a conservative country. There is demonstrated public hostility towards same sex relationships. In addition to legal punishment, openly homosexual citizens are subject to public aggression and violence. Estimates of the homosexual population in the country have ranged from fifteen to twenty million. Studies have found that the majority of LGBT Nigerians identify as Christian in denominations such as Anglicanism. Some organizations in Nigeria try to assist LGBT persons, such as the Metropolitan Community Churches. Affiliation with these groups may place individuals at risk of violence or abuse. Because of widespread societal taboos against homosexuality, very few persons openly revealed their orientation. The [non governmental organizations] Global Rights and The Independent Project provided lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) groups with legal advice and training in advocacy, media responsibility, and HIV/AIDS awareness.

In 2006, Philip Alston, the UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, delivered an oral statement to the Human Rights Council. To this, Joseph Ayalogu, the Nigerian ambassador to the UN, countered that "homosexuality and lesbianism " are "serious offences and odious conduct", that capital punishment is "appropriate and just punishment," and that those who believe executions are "excessive" are "judgemental rather than objective".

Same sex sexual activity legal / (Penalty: Up to death in Shari'a states; up to 14 years’ imprisonment in non Shari'a states) Equal age of consent Anti discrimination laws in employment only Anti discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services Anti discrimination laws in all other areas (Incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) Same sex marriages (Statutory ban since 2013) Recognition of same sex couples Step child adoption by same sex couples Joint adoption by same sex couples Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in the military Right to change legal gender Crossdressing is illegal in 12 states in Northern Nigeria. Access to IVF for lesbians Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples MSMs allowed to donate blood