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Muslims who live contrary to central Islamic dogmas

Zindīq (pl. zanādiqa) is an Islamic pejorative applied to individuals who are considered to hold views or follow practices that are contrary to central Islamic dogmas. Zandaqa is the noun describing these views. Zandaqa is usually translated as "heresy" and often used to "underscore the seriousness" of the religious error of the accused Muslim. It originally referred to the Manichaean Religion, but "soon came" to be applied to Muslims who were accused of concealing deviant beliefs.

The Arabic zindīq is a loan word from pre Islamic Middle Persian 𐭦𐭭𐭣𐭩𐭪 zandik, a Zoroastrian term of uncertain etymology and meaning (for a discussion of the term in a pre Islamic context, see zandik). Zindīq (زنديق) or Zandik (𐭦𐭭𐭣𐭩𐭪) was initially used to negatively denote the followers of the Manichaeism religion in the Sasanian Empire. By the time of the eighth century Abbasid Caliphate however, the meaning of the word zindīq and the adjectival zandaqa had broadened and could loosely denote many things: Gnostic Dualists as well as followers of Manichaeism, agnostics, and atheists. However, many of those persecuted for zandaqa under the Abbasids claimed to be Muslims, and when applied to Muslims, the accusation was that the accused secretly harbored Manichaean beliefs. A history of the time states cites the first Abbasid caliph Abu al 'Abbas As Saffah as having said "tolerance is laudable, except in matters dangerous to religious belief, or to the sovereign's dignity." Al Mahdi's successors, the caliphs al Hadi and Harun al Rashid, continued the pogroms, although with diminished intensity during the reign of the latter and was later abolished by him. This policy in turn influenced the Mihna policy of al Ma'mun which targeted those Muslim religious scholars and officials who refused to accept the doctrine of created nature of Quran. In this sense, a zindiq is perceived to be incorrigibly disloyal to the tenets of Islam.