Кіріспе
"Еврей емес" деген мағынаны білдіретін сөз – еврей тіліндегі "гой" сөзінің қабылдануы, қолданылуы және ағылшын тіліне аударылуы.
the adoption, use and translation into English of the Hebrew word "goy"
[[File:Page from Yiddish Hebrew Latin German dictionary by Elijah Levita. jpg|thumb|A page from Elia Levita's Yiddish Hebrew Latin German dictionary (16th century) including the word goy (גוי), translated to Latin as ethnicus, meaning heathen or pagan. The Biblical Hebrew word goy has been commonly translated into English as nation,
The King James Version of the Bible translates the word goy/goyim as "nation" 374 times, "heathen" 143 times, "Gentile" 30 times (see Evolution of the Term below) and "people" 11 times.
Суретте Элия Левитаның еврей-латын-неміс тілдерінен тұратын сөздігінен (16 ғасыр) бір беті көрсетілген, онда "гой" (גוי) сөзі латын тіліне "ethnicus" деп аударылған, яғни "бүтпейтін" немесе "мәңкілік" деген мағынаны білдіреді. Киелі кітаптағы еврей тіліндегі "гой" сөзі көбінесе ағылшын тіліне "ұлт" деп аударылады.
the adoption, use and translation into English of the Hebrew word "goy"
[[File:Page from Yiddish Hebrew Latin German dictionary by Elijah Levita. jpg|thumb|A page from Elia Levita's Yiddish Hebrew Latin German dictionary (16th century) including the word goy (גוי), translated to Latin as ethnicus, meaning heathen or pagan. The Biblical Hebrew word goy has been commonly translated into English as nation,
The King James Version of the Bible translates the word goy/goyim as "nation" 374 times, "heathen" 143 times, "Gentile" 30 times (see Evolution of the Term below) and "people" 11 times.
Киелі кітаптың Король Джеймс нұсқасы "гой/гоим" сөзін "ұлт" деп 374 рет, "жұрттық" деп 143 рет, "мәсіхшілер емес" деп 30 рет (төмендегі терминнің эволюциясын қараңыз) және "адамдар" деп 11 рет аударады.
the adoption, use and translation into English of the Hebrew word "goy"
[[File:Page from Yiddish Hebrew Latin German dictionary by Elijah Levita. jpg|thumb|A page from Elia Levita's Yiddish Hebrew Latin German dictionary (16th century) including the word goy (גוי), translated to Latin as ethnicus, meaning heathen or pagan. The Biblical Hebrew word goy has been commonly translated into English as nation,
The King James Version of the Bible translates the word goy/goyim as "nation" 374 times, "heathen" 143 times, "Gentile" 30 times (see Evolution of the Term below) and "people" 11 times.
Терминнің дамуы
Еврей Киелі кітаптарында израильдіктерді сипаттау үшін жиі «гой» сөзі қолданылады, ал кейіннен эллинистік кезеңде (шамамен б.з.д. 300-30 жылдары) еврей жазбаларында бұл терминді басқа ұлттарға қолдану көбірек болды. Офир мен Розен Цви христиандыққа алғаш кірген яһуди Пауылдың «гой» ұғымын яһуди емес адамдарды білдіру үшін дамытуда маңызды рөл атқарғанын айтады:
text="This brilliant Hellenist Jew [Paul] considered himself the apostle of the Christian gospel "to the gentiles," and precisely because of this he needed to define that category more thoroughly and carefully than his predecessors. Paul made the conception that "goyim" are not "peoples," but rather a general category of human beings, into a central element of his thought In the centuries that followed, both the Church and the Jewish sages evoked Paul's binary dichotomy." |author=Haaretz journalist Tomer Persico discussing views of Ophir and Rosen Zvi Maimonides saw Christians as idolators (because of concepts like the Trinity) but not Muslims who he saw as more strictly monotheistic. Goy also occurs in many pejorative Yiddish expressions:
Dos ken nor a goy דאָס קען נאָר אַ גױ Something only a goy would do or is capable of doing. Goyishe naches גױישע נחת Pleasures or pursuits only a gentile would enjoy. A goy! !אַ גױ Exclamation of exasperation used "when endurance is exhausted, kindliness depleted, the effort to understand useless". Several authors have opined on whether the word is derogatory. Dan Friedman, executive director of The Forward in "What 'Goy' Means, And Why I Keep Using It" writes that it can be used as an insult but that the word is not offensive. He compares it to the word "foreigners" which Americans can use dismissively but which isn't a derogatory word. Rebecca Einstein Schorr argues that the word has an established pejorative overtone. She refers to the observation "the goyishe groomsmen were all drunk and bawdy; of course, you'd never see that at a Jewish wedding" and "goyishe kop" where the word is used in a pejorative sense. She admits that the word can have non pejorative uses, such as "goyishe restaurant" one that doesn't serve kosher food but contends that the word is "neutral, at best, and extremely offensive, at worst." She advocates that the Jewish community stop using the word "goy." The Goyim Defense League and its website, GoyimTV, are another example. Europol's 2021 report on Terrorism Situations and Trends discusses the German Goyim Partei Deutschland ('Goyim Party Germany'), "a right wing extremist organisation" founded in 2016 which "used its website to publish anti Semitic and racist texts, pictures and videos." The word also features in the alt right catchphrase or meme "The Goyim Know, Shut It Down" associated with online forums such as 4chan and 8chan. In this context, the speaker assumes the role of a panicking Jew who reacts to an event that would reveal Jewish manipulations or Jewish deceitfulness. According to the Anti Defamation League, the meme first appeared on 4chan in 2013. Einstein Schorr cites the meme as an instance of "linguistic appropriation" whereby white supremacists have incorporated "pseudo Yiddish phrases" into their vocabulary in order to ridicule and impersonate Jews. Schorr describes that as a way to propagate the "anti Semitic myth that we are a cabal with our own secret language and agenda."
«Бұл данышман эллинистік яһуди [Пауыл] өзін «жұрттарға» христиандық жақсы хабарды жеткізуші елші деп есептеді және осы себепті бұл санатты алдыңғылардан гөрі толық және мұқият анықтау қажеттігін сезінді. Пауыл «гоим» – «халықтар» емес, жалпы адамзат санаты деген тұжырымды өз ой-пікірінің орталық элементіне айналдырды. Келесі ғасырларда шіркеу де, яһуди ғалымдары да Пауылдың екіұшты дихотомиясын еске алды». «Haaretz» газетінің журналисі Томер Персико Офир мен Розен Цвидің пікірлерін талқылай келе, Маймонидтің христиандарды үштік сияқты ұғымдарға байланысты құдайға табынушылар деп қарағанын, бірақ мұсылмандарды қатаң монотеисттер деп санағанын айтады. «Гой» сөзі көптеген жағымсыз идиш тіліндегі тіркестерде де кездеседі:
text="This brilliant Hellenist Jew [Paul] considered himself the apostle of the Christian gospel "to the gentiles," and precisely because of this he needed to define that category more thoroughly and carefully than his predecessors. Paul made the conception that "goyim" are not "peoples," but rather a general category of human beings, into a central element of his thought In the centuries that followed, both the Church and the Jewish sages evoked Paul's binary dichotomy." |author=Haaretz journalist Tomer Persico discussing views of Ophir and Rosen Zvi Maimonides saw Christians as idolators (because of concepts like the Trinity) but not Muslims who he saw as more strictly monotheistic. Goy also occurs in many pejorative Yiddish expressions:
Dos ken nor a goy דאָס קען נאָר אַ גױ Something only a goy would do or is capable of doing. Goyishe naches גױישע נחת Pleasures or pursuits only a gentile would enjoy. A goy! !אַ גױ Exclamation of exasperation used "when endurance is exhausted, kindliness depleted, the effort to understand useless". Several authors have opined on whether the word is derogatory. Dan Friedman, executive director of The Forward in "What 'Goy' Means, And Why I Keep Using It" writes that it can be used as an insult but that the word is not offensive. He compares it to the word "foreigners" which Americans can use dismissively but which isn't a derogatory word. Rebecca Einstein Schorr argues that the word has an established pejorative overtone. She refers to the observation "the goyishe groomsmen were all drunk and bawdy; of course, you'd never see that at a Jewish wedding" and "goyishe kop" where the word is used in a pejorative sense. She admits that the word can have non pejorative uses, such as "goyishe restaurant" one that doesn't serve kosher food but contends that the word is "neutral, at best, and extremely offensive, at worst." She advocates that the Jewish community stop using the word "goy." The Goyim Defense League and its website, GoyimTV, are another example. Europol's 2021 report on Terrorism Situations and Trends discusses the German Goyim Partei Deutschland ('Goyim Party Germany'), "a right wing extremist organisation" founded in 2016 which "used its website to publish anti Semitic and racist texts, pictures and videos." The word also features in the alt right catchphrase or meme "The Goyim Know, Shut It Down" associated with online forums such as 4chan and 8chan. In this context, the speaker assumes the role of a panicking Jew who reacts to an event that would reveal Jewish manipulations or Jewish deceitfulness. According to the Anti Defamation League, the meme first appeared on 4chan in 2013. Einstein Schorr cites the meme as an instance of "linguistic appropriation" whereby white supremacists have incorporated "pseudo Yiddish phrases" into their vocabulary in order to ridicule and impersonate Jews. Schorr describes that as a way to propagate the "anti Semitic myth that we are a cabal with our own secret language and agenda."
Dos ken nor a goy דאָס קען נאָר אַ גױ – Мұндайды тек гой ғана істей алады немесе оған қабілетті.
Goyishe naches גױישע נחת – Тек дінге жат адамдар ғана ұнататын қуаныш пен қызығушылық.
A goy! !אַ גױ – «Шегі келгенде, мейірімсіздікке бой алғанда, түсінуге тырысудың мәні қалмағанда» айтылатын ашулы сөз.
text="This brilliant Hellenist Jew [Paul] considered himself the apostle of the Christian gospel "to the gentiles," and precisely because of this he needed to define that category more thoroughly and carefully than his predecessors. Paul made the conception that "goyim" are not "peoples," but rather a general category of human beings, into a central element of his thought In the centuries that followed, both the Church and the Jewish sages evoked Paul's binary dichotomy." |author=Haaretz journalist Tomer Persico discussing views of Ophir and Rosen Zvi Maimonides saw Christians as idolators (because of concepts like the Trinity) but not Muslims who he saw as more strictly monotheistic. Goy also occurs in many pejorative Yiddish expressions:
Dos ken nor a goy דאָס קען נאָר אַ גױ Something only a goy would do or is capable of doing. Goyishe naches גױישע נחת Pleasures or pursuits only a gentile would enjoy. A goy! !אַ גױ Exclamation of exasperation used "when endurance is exhausted, kindliness depleted, the effort to understand useless". Several authors have opined on whether the word is derogatory. Dan Friedman, executive director of The Forward in "What 'Goy' Means, And Why I Keep Using It" writes that it can be used as an insult but that the word is not offensive. He compares it to the word "foreigners" which Americans can use dismissively but which isn't a derogatory word. Rebecca Einstein Schorr argues that the word has an established pejorative overtone. She refers to the observation "the goyishe groomsmen were all drunk and bawdy; of course, you'd never see that at a Jewish wedding" and "goyishe kop" where the word is used in a pejorative sense. She admits that the word can have non pejorative uses, such as "goyishe restaurant" one that doesn't serve kosher food but contends that the word is "neutral, at best, and extremely offensive, at worst." She advocates that the Jewish community stop using the word "goy." The Goyim Defense League and its website, GoyimTV, are another example. Europol's 2021 report on Terrorism Situations and Trends discusses the German Goyim Partei Deutschland ('Goyim Party Germany'), "a right wing extremist organisation" founded in 2016 which "used its website to publish anti Semitic and racist texts, pictures and videos." The word also features in the alt right catchphrase or meme "The Goyim Know, Shut It Down" associated with online forums such as 4chan and 8chan. In this context, the speaker assumes the role of a panicking Jew who reacts to an event that would reveal Jewish manipulations or Jewish deceitfulness. According to the Anti Defamation League, the meme first appeared on 4chan in 2013. Einstein Schorr cites the meme as an instance of "linguistic appropriation" whereby white supremacists have incorporated "pseudo Yiddish phrases" into their vocabulary in order to ridicule and impersonate Jews. Schorr describes that as a way to propagate the "anti Semitic myth that we are a cabal with our own secret language and agenda."
Бірнеше авторлар бұл сөздің жағымсыз мағынасы бар-жоғы туралы пікір білдірді. «The Forward» журналының бас директоры Дэн Фридман «'Goy' сөзі нені білдіреді және неге оны қолдана беремін» деген мақаласында бұл сөзді қорлау үшін қолдануға болатынын, бірақ сөздің өзі қорлау емес екенін жазды. Ол оны америкалықтардың «шетелдіктер» деген сөзді кейде жеңілтексіз пайдалануымен салыстырды, бірақ бұл сөз қорлау мағынасында қолданылмайды. Ребекка Эйнштейн Шорр бұл сөздің жағымсыз мәнге ие екенін айтады. Ол «гойлық күйеу жігіттердің бәрі мас және әдепсіз болды; әрине, мұны еврей үйлену тойында ешқашан көре алмайсыз» және «гойлық коп» деген сөздерді жағымсыз мағынада қолдануға мысал келтіреді. Ол бұл сөздің жағымсыз емес қолданылуы мүмкін екенін мойындайды, мысалы, «гойиш мейрамханасы» – кошер тағамдары ұсынылмайтын жер, бірақ бұл сөздің «ең жақсы жағдайда бейтарап, ең нашар жағдайда өте жағымсыз» екенін санайды. Ол еврей қауымы «гой» сөзін қолдануды тоқтату керек деп есептейді. «Goyim Defense League» және оның веб-сайты «GoyimTV» осыған дәлел. Европолдың 2021 жылғы терроризм жағдайлары мен тенденциялары туралы баяндамасында 2016 жылы құрылған «оңшыл экстремистік ұйым» – «Goyim Partei Deutschland» («Германия гойлар партиясы») туралы айтылады, ол «өзінің веб-сайтын антисемиттік және расистік мәтіндерді, суреттер мен бейнелерді жариялау үшін пайдаланған». Бұл сөз «4chan» және «8chan» сияқты онлайн-форумдармен байланысты «Гойлар біледі, оны тоқтатыңыз» деген оң жақ фразасында немесе мемде де кездеседі. Бұл контексте сөйлеуші еврейлердің айла-шарғысын немесе алдамшылығын ашатын оқиғаға қорқып реакция білдіретін яһуди рөлін қосады. Anti-Defamation League мәліметінше, мем алғаш рет 2013 жылы «4chan»-та пайда болған. Эйнштейн Шорр бұл мемді «лингвистикалық иемденудің» мысалы ретінде келтіреді, онда ақ нәсілшілдер еврейлерді мазақтау және еврейлердің кейіпкері болу үшін өздерінің сөздік қорына «псевдо-идиш тіркестерін» енгізді. Шорр мұны «Біздің құпия тіліміз бен жоспарымыз бар құпия топ екеніміз туралы антисемит мифін» таратудың тәсілі деп сипаттайды.
text="This brilliant Hellenist Jew [Paul] considered himself the apostle of the Christian gospel "to the gentiles," and precisely because of this he needed to define that category more thoroughly and carefully than his predecessors. Paul made the conception that "goyim" are not "peoples," but rather a general category of human beings, into a central element of his thought In the centuries that followed, both the Church and the Jewish sages evoked Paul's binary dichotomy." |author=Haaretz journalist Tomer Persico discussing views of Ophir and Rosen Zvi Maimonides saw Christians as idolators (because of concepts like the Trinity) but not Muslims who he saw as more strictly monotheistic. Goy also occurs in many pejorative Yiddish expressions:
Dos ken nor a goy דאָס קען נאָר אַ גױ Something only a goy would do or is capable of doing. Goyishe naches גױישע נחת Pleasures or pursuits only a gentile would enjoy. A goy! !אַ גױ Exclamation of exasperation used "when endurance is exhausted, kindliness depleted, the effort to understand useless". Several authors have opined on whether the word is derogatory. Dan Friedman, executive director of The Forward in "What 'Goy' Means, And Why I Keep Using It" writes that it can be used as an insult but that the word is not offensive. He compares it to the word "foreigners" which Americans can use dismissively but which isn't a derogatory word. Rebecca Einstein Schorr argues that the word has an established pejorative overtone. She refers to the observation "the goyishe groomsmen were all drunk and bawdy; of course, you'd never see that at a Jewish wedding" and "goyishe kop" where the word is used in a pejorative sense. She admits that the word can have non pejorative uses, such as "goyishe restaurant" one that doesn't serve kosher food but contends that the word is "neutral, at best, and extremely offensive, at worst." She advocates that the Jewish community stop using the word "goy." The Goyim Defense League and its website, GoyimTV, are another example. Europol's 2021 report on Terrorism Situations and Trends discusses the German Goyim Partei Deutschland ('Goyim Party Germany'), "a right wing extremist organisation" founded in 2016 which "used its website to publish anti Semitic and racist texts, pictures and videos." The word also features in the alt right catchphrase or meme "The Goyim Know, Shut It Down" associated with online forums such as 4chan and 8chan. In this context, the speaker assumes the role of a panicking Jew who reacts to an event that would reveal Jewish manipulations or Jewish deceitfulness. According to the Anti Defamation League, the meme first appeared on 4chan in 2013. Einstein Schorr cites the meme as an instance of "linguistic appropriation" whereby white supremacists have incorporated "pseudo Yiddish phrases" into their vocabulary in order to ridicule and impersonate Jews. Schorr describes that as a way to propagate the "anti Semitic myth that we are a cabal with our own secret language and agenda."