Ерлер денсаулығы: толық көрініс

Broad subject that encompasses all facets of men's health
the men's lifestyle magazine

Men's health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being, as experienced by men, and not merely the absence of disease. Differences in men's health compared to women's can be attributed to biological factors, behavioural factors, and social factors (e. g., occupations). Men's health often relates to biological factors such as the male reproductive system or to conditions caused by hormones specific to, or most notable in, males. Some conditions that affect both men and women, such as cancer, and injury, manifest differently in men. Some diseases that affect both sexes are statistically more common in men. In terms of behavioural factors, men are more likely to make unhealthy or risky choices and less likely to seek medical care. Men may face issues not directly related to their biology, such as gender differentiated access to medical treatment and other socioeconomic factors. Outside Sub Saharan Africa, men are at greater risk of HIV/AIDS. This is associated with unsafe sexual activity that is often nonconsensual.

Men's health refers to the state of physical, mental, and social well being of men, and encompasses a wide range of issues that are unique to men or that affect men differently than women. This can include issues related to reproductive health, sexual health, cardiovascular health, mental health, and cancer prevention and treatment. Men's health also encompasses lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and stress management, as well as access to healthcare and preventative measures.

Despite overall increases in life expectancy globally, men's life expectancy is less than women's, regardless of race and geographic regions. The global gap between the life expectancy of men and women has remained at approximately 4.4 years since 2016, according to the WHO. Life expectancy is a statistical measure that represents the average number of years that a person is expected to live, based on the current mortality rates. It is typically calculated at birth, and can vary depending on factors such as gender, race, and location. For example, life expectancy in many developed countries is higher than in developing countries, and life expectancy for women is generally higher than for men. However, the gap does vary based on country, with low income countries having a smaller gap in life expectancy. Biological, behavioural, and social factors contribute to a lower overall life expectancy in men; however, the individual importance of each factor is not known. Overall attitudes towards health differ by gender. Men are generally less likely to be proactive in seeking healthcare, resulting in poorer health outcomes. Men are difficult to recruit to health promotion interventions. The value of adopting a gender sensitive approach to engage and retain men in health promotion interventions has been reported. Biological influences on lower male life expectancies include genetics and hormones. For males, the 23rd pair of chromosomes are an X and a Y chromosome, rather than the two X chromosomes in females. Low testosterone in males is a risk factor of cardiovascular related diseases. Conversely, high testosterone levels can contribute to prostate diseases. Sedentary behaviour, associated with many chronic diseases seems to be more prevalent in men. These diseases influence the overall life expectancy of men. For example, according to the World Health Organization, 3.14 million men died from causes linked to excessive alcohol use in 2010 compared to 1.72 million women. Men are more likely than women to engage in over 30 risky behaviours associated with increased morbidity, injury, and mortality. Additionally, despite a disproportionately lower rate of suicide attempts than women, men have significantly higher rates of death by suicide. Social determinants of men's health involve factors such as greater levels of occupational exposure to physical and chemical hazards than women. The American Psychological Association says that men are not as likely to report emotional and physical symptoms of stress compared to women. cardiovascular disease, erectile dysfunction (impotence) and possibly reduced fertility (due to reduced libido and frequency of intercourse). Fathers experience stress during the time shortly before and after the time of birth (perinatal period). Stress levels tend to increase from the prenatal period up until the time of birth, and then decrease from the time of birth to the later postnatal period. Alcohol is one of the most commonly substances used in excess, and men are up to twice as likely to develop alcohol use disorder than women. Gender differences in alcohol consumption remain universal, although the sizes of gender differences vary. More drinking and heaving, binge drinking occurs in men, whereas more long term abstention occurs in women. Additionally, males are more likely to be substance addicts and abuse substances due to peer pressure compared to females. Mental health problems are not only a result from drinking excess alcohol; they can also cause people to drink too much. Alcohol can temporarily alleviate feelings of anxiety and depression, and some people use it as a form of self medication in an attempt to counteract these negative feelings. However, alcohol consumption can worsen existing mental health problems. Men with mental health disorders, like post traumatic stress disorder, are twice as likely as women to develop a substance use disorder.

There have been identified gender differences in seeking treatment for mental health and substance abuse disorders between men and women. Women are more likely to seek help from and disclose mental health problems to their primary care physicians, whereas men are more likely to seek specialist and inpatient care. Men are more likely than women to disclose problems with alcohol use to their health care provider. In the United States, there are more men than women in treatment for substance use disorders.

Suicide has a high incidence rate in men but often lacks public awareness. Suicide is the 13th leading cause of death globally, and in most parts of the world, men are significantly more likely to die by suicide than women, although women are significantly more likely to attempt suicide. This is known as the "gender paradox of suicidal behaviour". This gender disparity varies greatly between countries. For example, in the United Kingdom and Australia, this men/women ratio is approximately 3:1, and in the United States, Russia, and Argentina approximately 4:1. In South Africa, the suicide rate amongst men is five times greater than women. In East Asian countries however, the gender gap in suicide rates are relatively smaller, with men to women ratios ranging from 1:1 to 2:1. Multiple factors exist to explain this gender gap in suicide rates, such as men more frequently completing high mortality actions such as hanging, carbon monoxide poisoning, and the use of lethal weapons. Additional factors that contribute to the disparity in suicide rates between men and women include the pressures of traditional gender roles for men in society and the socialization of men in society.

Because variations exist in the risk factors associated with suicidal behaviour between men and women, they contribute to the discrepancy in suicide rates. Suicide is complex and cannot simply be attributed to a single cause; however, there are psychological, social, and psychiatric factors to consider. Mental illness is a major risk factor for suicide for both men and women. Common mental illnesses that are associated with suicide include depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and substance abuse disorders. In addition to mental illness, psychosocial factors such as unemployment and occupational stress are established risk factors for men. Alcohol use disorder is a risk factor that is much more prevalent in men than in women, which increases risks of depression and impulsive behaviours. This problem is exacerbated in men, as they are twice as likely as women to develop alcohol use disorder. Reluctance to seek help is another prevalent risk factor facing men, stemming from internalized notions of masculinity.

Identifying warning signs is important for reducing suicide rates world wide, but particularly for men, as distress may be expressed in a manner that is not easily recognisable. For instance, depression, and suicidal thoughts may manifest in the form of anger, hostility, and irritability. The first National Men's Health Week was held in the US in 1994. The first UK week took place in 2002, and the event went international (International Men's Health Week) the following year. In 2005, the world's first professor of men's health, Alan White, was appointed at Leeds Metropolitan University in north east England. In Australia, the Men's Health Information and Resource Centre advocates a salutogenic approach to male health which focuses on the causal factors behind health. The centre is led by John Macdonald and was established in 1999. The Centre leads and executes Men's Health Week in Australia with core funding from the NSW Ministry of Health. The Global Action on Men's Health (GAMH) was established in 2013 and was registered as a UK based charity in May 2018. It is a collaborative initiative to bring together men's health organizations from across the globe into a new global network. GAMH is working at international and national levels to encourage international agencies (such as the World Health Organization) and individual governments to develop research, policies and strategies on men's health.