Dmitry Senyavin

18/19th century Russian naval officer
other uses of "Senyavin" and people with the same last name

Russo Turkish War (1787–92)
Battle of Fidonisi
Battle of Ochakov
Battle of Kaliakria
Napoleonic Wars
Coalition Wars
Second Archipelago Expedition
Action of Cattaro (1806)
Actions of Curzola
Actions of Brazzaefn|The squadron forced the surrender of the garrisons on Brazza Island in 1806.

Senyavin belonged to a notable noble family of sea captains from the Kaluga Governorate, then joined the Black Sea Fleet upon its formation in 1783 and helped construct the naval base in Sevastopol. In 1786, he commanded a packetboat while at the fleet. The Russian fleet captured the islands of Curzola and Lissa, while the Austrians were persuaded to surrender Cattaro to them. As a result of these operations, the French were prevented from taking hold of the Ionian Islands. However, the fruits of Senyavin's activity were thrown away by the tsar who would conclude the Treaty of Tilsit with Napoleon the following year. Even before the treaty was negotiated, a new war with Turkey had erupted and Senyavin's squadron was ordered to proceed to the Aegean Sea in order to attack Constantinople. He reached the Dardanelles on 24 February 1807 and captured the island of Tenedos in March. Using the island as his place d'armes, Senyavin blockaded the Straits and cut off supplies to the Sultan's capital. Contrary to his expectations, Sir John Thomas Duckworth, a British admiral who had just lost 281 men to shore battery fire, refused to join his own fleet with Senyavin's and embarked upon the ill fated expedition to Alexandria. The Russians were to fight the outnumbering Turks in the Aegean without foreign support. Senyavin's blockade of their capital eventually drove the Turks to extremes. After food riots broke out, Sultan Selim III was replaced with Mustafa IV, who ordered his fleet to break the blockade. The Ottoman ships clashed with Senyavin's squadron in the Battle of the Dardanelles (May 11) and the Battle of Athos (June 16). Both engagements were Russian victories, and ensured Russia's ascendancy in the Aegean for the rest of the war.

Upon receiving news about the Treaty of Tilsit, Senyavin was reported to have been overcome with tears (12 August). All of his conquests had to be forfeited after the international situation had been reversed dramatically: Napoleon was now considered Russia's ally and Britain was Russia's foe. On 14 August, he and Lord Collingwood reluctantly parted ways. Eight days later, a large part of the Russian squadron (5 battleships, 4 frigates, 4 corvettes, 4 brigs) was ordered to return to Sevastopol. Senyavin was to lead the remaining fleet to the Baltic, where the Finnish War with Sweden was already brewing. Tenedos was evacuated on 25 August and Senyavin set sail from Corfu on 19 September. Although he planned to proceed directly to Saint Petersburg, stormy weather induced him to enter the Tagus River and cast anchor in Lisbon on 30 October. Within several days, John VI of Portugal fled to the Portuguese colony of Brazil and the Royal Navy blockaded Lisbon, intercepting a Russian sloop as an enemy vessel: the Anglo Russian War had been declared. In November, French forces under Jean Andoche Junot overran the Portuguese capital and Senyavin found himself wedged between two warring powers. In the tricky situation, Senyavin distinguished himself as a skilled diplomat and managed to save his ships from destruction. Upon hearing about his plight, Napoleon extorted from the tsar the privilege of giving orders to Senyavin through the Russian embassy in Paris. He immediately demanded to replace British officers serving in Senyavin's squadron with the French or the Germans and advised Senyavin to exchange several ships with Junot. Napoleon's orders were politely ignored by the Russian admiral, who had no intention to risk the lives of his marines in pointless warfare against erstwhile friends and consequently professed his neutrality. In July 1808, Senyavin's ships, still blockaded in Lisbon by the Royal Navy, were repeatedly visited by Junot and General Kellermann, who exhorted him to assist in their military operations against the Portuguese and the Spaniards. Senyavin responded that he had not been authorized by the tsar to fight the peoples his country was not at war with, and neither promises nor threats would make him change his mind. In August, the French were beaten by the Arthur Wellesley at the Battle of Vimeiro and were compelled to leave Portugal. Senyavin's seven ships of the line and one frigate were left face to face with 15 British ships of the line and 10 frigates, in addition to Portuguese coastal artillery. They could have easily annihilated the Russian squadron if Senyavin refused to surrender. The Russian admiral, however, maintained his neutrality, threatening to blow up the ships and set Lisbon ablaze in case of attack. At last, a convention was signed with the British admiral, Sir Charles Cotton, whereby the Russian squadron was to be escorted by the Royal Navy to London without lowering their colors. Moreover, Senyavin was to assume supreme command of the joint Anglo Russian fleet (as the senior officer of the two), while two Russian ships (Rafail and Yaroslav) were to be left in Lisbon for repairs. On 31 August, Senyavin's squadron embarked from Portugal for Portsmouth. On 27 September, the British Admiralty was informed that enemy vessels had cast anchor in a British harbour, with their flags streaming, as if in times of peace. The Lord Mayor of London declared the convention disreputable for Britain's prestige, and many in the Admiralty shared his opinion. The Russian fleet was therefore detained in Portsmouth under various pretexts until winter, when the weather made their return to the Baltic impossible. The Portsmouth authorities insisted that unless Senyavin's squadron sailed to Arkhangelsk, they would be intercepted by Swedish men of war. In 1809, the departure was further delayed by the disastrous Walcheren Expedition. At long last, on 5 August, the Russian fleet was allowed to leave Portsmouth for Riga and arrived there on 9 September 1809.

Senyavin's disobedience to the tsars and his actions during his journey resulted in him not being employed again at sea, as well being disgraced at the imperial court upon his return. During Napoleon's invasion of Russia, he once more administered the peaceful port of Reval and was given no chance to take part in hostilities, despite his regular petitions to let him muster a militia in his native province. Although he settled into retirement in the next year, Senyavin's name remained so popular in the Navy that the Decembrist conspirators planned to make him a member of the Provisional Government after staging a palace revolution. When the Greek War of Independence broke out in 1821, Greek insurgents requested the tsar to send "the famous Senyavin" to their assistance, but their petition was rejected. It was not until Alexander I's death in 1825 that Senyavin was recalled to active service. As Russia was preparing to resume hostilities against Turkey, Nicholas I of Russia, recalling him to active duty in 1826 1829, as he was appointed to command the Baltic Fleet. The following year, he was promoted full Admiral and accompanied Login Geiden's squadron heading for the Mediterranean, where combined Anglo Franco Russian forces would score the great victory at Navarino. Dmitry Senyavin died three years later and was interred with great pomp, in the presence of the tsar, at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. He had several ships named after him in the Imperial and Soviet navies, notably the vessel used for the three year expedition ordered by Nicholas I in 1826. The Senyavin Islands in Oceania and the promontories in Alaska and Sakhalin still commemorate his name.