Греко-рим медицинасының төрт темперамент теориясы

Proto psychological theory
the "four humours" in Greco Roman medicine, a specific form of the more universal proto medical concept of humourism

The four temperament theory is a proto psychological theory which suggests that there are four fundamental personality types: sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic. Most formulations include the possibility of mixtures among the types where an individual's personality types overlap and they share two or more temperaments. Greek physician Hippocrates (c. 460 – c. 370 BC) described the four temperaments as part of the ancient medical concept of humourism, that four bodily fluids affect human personality traits and behaviours. Modern medical science does not define a fixed relationship between internal secretions and personality, although some psychological personality type systems use categories similar to the Greek temperaments.

Waldorf education and anthroposophy believe that the temperaments help to understand personality. They also believe that they are useful for education, helping teachers understand how children learn. Christian writer Tim LaHaye has attempted to repopularize the ancient temperaments through his books. James David Barber developed The Presidential Character, where, active related to hot, passive related to cold, positive related to moist, and negative related to dry. If one were to make a Punnett square of these characters, one can find an Active Positive, Passive Positive, Active Negative, or Passive Negative individual. This diagram was made after an influential study of the U. S. presidency, hence the name. Robert R. Blake created The Managerial Grid, where, high concern for production related to hot, low concern for production related to cold, high concern for people related to moist, and low concern for people related to dry. If one were to make the same Punnett square of these characters, one can find a Team Management, a Country Club Management, a Task Management, or an Ineffective Management individual. Paul Hindemith's Theme and Four Variations for string orchestra and piano is also known as The Four Temperaments: although originally conceived as a ballet for Léonide Massine, the score was ultimately completed as a commission for George Balanchine, who subsequently choreographed it as a neoclassical ballet, using the theory of the temperaments as a point of departure. The 19th century French author Émile Zola used the four temperaments as a basis for his novel Thérèse Raquin.