Ресей-Норвегиялық аралас тіл: Жоғалған байланыс құралы

Extinct Russian–Norwegian pidgin

Russenorsk (; руссено́рск, ; English: Russo Norwegian) is an extinct dual source "restricted pidgin" language formerly used in the Arctic, which combined elements of Russian and Norwegian. Russenorsk originated from Russian traders and Norwegian fishermen from Tromsø (northern Norway) and Kola (north western Russia). It was used extensively in Northern Norway for about 150 years in the Pomor trade. Russenorsk is important as a test case for theories concerning pidgin languages since it was used far away from most of the other documented pidgins of the world. As is common in the development of pidgins and trade languages, the interaction of fishermen and traders with no common language necessitated the creation of some minimal form of communication. Like all pidgins, Russenorsk had a rudimentary grammar and a restricted vocabulary, mostly composed of words essential to Arctic fishing and trade (fish, weather, etc. ); however, Russenorsk was used outside of fishing and trade context during the off season as it was not uncommon for Russians to remain in Norway during the winter. Norwegians mainly traded fish for flour and wheat from Russians. The trading went on throughout the sunny months of the year and was beneficial to both sides; Norwegians had access to cheap fish in the summer, whilst Russians had surplus wheat. Traders came from the areas near Murmansk and the White Sea, most often to Vardø, Hammerfest, and Tromsø, occasionally further south to the Lofoten islands. The earliest recorded instance of Russenorsk was in 1785. It is one of the most studied northern pidgins; many linguists, for example, Olaf Broch, studied it. Unlike equatorial pidgins, it was formed from only two languages, Norwegian and Russian. Furthermore, these languages are not from the same branch of Indo European languages. Also unlike equatorial pidgins, Russenorsk was formed from one social class. Until 1850, Russenorsk was socially acceptable for all social classes. In 1850, Russenorsk became more limited to Norwegian fishermen, whereas Norwegian traders learnt Russian through exposure in Archangelsk and Russian trade centers, Furthermore, the Soviet Union limited international contact significantly, decreasing the need for the common language between Norwegians and Russians. The last such Norwegian–Russian trade occurred in 1923.

Russenorsk does not have extensive morphology, but has some unique characteristics. The ending om does not come from Russian nor Norwegian, but it may come from Solombala English. The ending mann, from Norwegian, is used to indicate nationality or profession, for example russmann ('Russian'), burmann ('Norwegian'), or kukmann ('trader'). Other morphological features are reduplication, such as morra morradag ('after tomorrow'), and compounding, such as kua ('cow') and sjorta ('shirt') to kuasjorta ('cowhide').

One characteristic syntactical attribute of Russenorsk is the tendency to move the verb to the final position when the sentence has adverbs. This is found in neither Russian nor Norwegian. Another is that the negator (ikke, njet) precedes the verb, but can be separated from the verb. This is unlike negation in either Russian or Norwegian, but it may have come from Finnish, in which this syntax was probable. Moreover, the use of barter focused language established frequent use of interrogative speech in sentences.

Moja på tvoja. I'm talking in your language. Kak sprek? Moja njet forsto. What are you talking about? I don't understand. å råbbåtework klebabread Ju sprek på moja kantor komYou said that you would come to my office. Tvoja fisk kopom?Will you buy fish? Saika kopom i på Arkangelsk på gaf spaseromI'll buy pollack and we'll swim in Arkhangelsk. Kak pris? Mangeli kosta?What is the price? How much? Eta grot dyr. Værsegod, på minder prodaj!It is very expensive. Please lower the price!