Америкалық шабуылдық ұшақ: Douglas A-1 Skyraider тарихы

American single engine attack aircraft

The Douglas A 1 Skyraider (formerly designated AD before the 1962 unification of Navy and Air Force designations) is an American single seat attack aircraft in service from 1946 to the early 1980s, which served during the Korean War and Vietnam War. The Skyraider had an unusually long career, remaining in front line service well into the Jet Age (when most piston engine attack or fighter aircraft were replaced by jet aircraft); thus becoming known by some as an "anachronism". The aircraft was nicknamed "Spad", after the French World War I fighter. It was operated by the United States Navy (USN), the United States Marine Corps (USMC), and the United States Air Force (USAF), and also saw service with the British Royal Navy, the French Air Force, the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF), and others. It remained in U. S. service until the early 1970s.

The piston engined, propeller driven Skyraider was designed during World War II to meet United States Navy requirements for a carrier based, single seat, long range, high performance dive/torpedo bomber, to follow on from earlier aircraft such as the Douglas SBD Dauntless, the Curtiss SB2C Helldiver and the Grumman TBF Avenger. Designed by Ed Heinemann of the Douglas Aircraft Company, prototypes were ordered on 6 July 1944 as the XBT2D 1. The XBT2D 1 made its first flight on 18 March 1945, and the USN began evaluation of the aircraft at the Naval Air Test Center (NATC) in April 1945. In December 1946, after a designation change to AD 1, delivery of the first production aircraft to a fleet squadron was made to VA 19A. The AD 1 was built at Douglas's El Segundo plant in Southern California. In his memoir The Lonely Sky, test pilot Bill Bridgeman described the routine yet sometimes hazardous work of certifying AD 1s fresh off the assembly line at a rate of two aircraft per day for delivery to the U. S. Navy in 1949 and 1950. The low wing monoplane design started with a Wright R 3350 Duplex Cyclone radial engine which was later upgraded several times. The aircraft had distinctive large straight wings with seven hardpoints apiece. The Skyraider had excellent maneuverability at low speed, and carried a large amount of ordnance over a considerable combat radius. It had a long loiter time for its size, compared to much heavier subsonic or supersonic jets. The aircraft was optimized for ground attack and was armored against ground fire in key locations, unlike faster fighters adapted to carry bombs, such as the Vought F4U Corsair or North American P 51 Mustang, which were retired by U. S. forces before the 1960s. Shortly after Heinemann began designing the XBT2D 1, a study was issued showing that for every of weight reduction, the takeoff run was decreased by 2.44 m, the combat radius increased by and the rate of climb increased by Heinemann immediately had his design engineers begin a program for finding weight savings on the XBT2D 1 design, no matter how small. Simplifying the fuel system resulted in a reduction of ; by eliminating an internal bomb bay and hanging external stores from the wings or fuselage; by using a fuselage dive brake; and by using an older tailwheel design. In the end, Heinemann and his design engineers achieved more than of weight reduction on the original XBT2D 1 design. The Navy AD series was initially painted in ANA 623 glossy sea blue, but during the 1950s, following the Korean War, the color scheme was changed to light gull grey and white (Fed Std 595 27875). Initially using the gray and white Navy scheme, by 1967 the USAF began to paint its Skyraiders in a camouflaged pattern using two shades of green, and one of tan. Used by the US Navy over Korea and Vietnam, the A 1 was a primary close air support aircraft for the USAF and RVNAF during the Vietnam War. The A 1 was famous for being able to take hits and keep flying thanks to armor plating around the cockpit area for pilot protection. It was replaced beginning in the mid 1960s by the Grumman A 6 Intruder as the Navy's primary medium attack plane in supercarrier based air wings; however Skyraiders continued to operate from the smaller Essex class aircraft carriers. The Skyraider went through seven versions, starting with the AD 1, then AD 2 and AD 3 with various minor improvements, then the AD 4 with a more powerful R 3350 26WA engine. The AD 5 was significantly widened, allowing two crew to sit side by side (this was not the first multiple crew variant, the AD 1Q being a two seater and the AD 3N a three seater); it also came in a four seat night attack version, the AD 5N. The AD 6 was an improved AD 4B with improved low level bombing equipment, and the final production version AD 7 was upgraded to an R 3350 26WB engine. For service in Vietnam, USAF Skyraiders were fitted with the Stanley Yankee extraction system, which acted in a similar manner to an ejection seat, though with twin rockets extracting the pilot from the cockpit. In addition to serving during Korea and Vietnam as an attack aircraft, the Skyraider was modified to serve as a carrier based airborne early warning aircraft, replacing the Grumman TBM 3W Avenger. It fulfilled this function in the USN and Royal Navy, being replaced by the Grumman E 1 Tracer and Fairey Gannet, respectively, in those services. Its weapons load and 10 hour flying time far surpassed the jets that were available at the time. On 2 May 1951, Skyraiders made the only aerial torpedo attack of the war, hitting the Hwacheon Dam, then controlled by North Korea. On 16 June 1953, a USMC AD 4 from VMC 1 piloted by Major George H. Linnemeier and CWO Vernon S. Kramer shot down a Soviet built Polikarpov Po 2 biplane, the only documented Skyraider air victory of the war. AD 3N and 4N aircraft carrying bombs and flares, flew night attack sorties, and radar equipped ADs carried out radar jamming missions from carriers and land bases. Marine Corps Skyraiders suffered heavy losses when used in low level close support missions. To allow low level operations to continue without unacceptable losses, a package of additional armor was fitted, consisting of thick external aluminum armor plates fitted to the underside and sides of the aircraft's fuselage. The armor package weighed a total of and had little effect on performance or handling. A total of 128 Navy and Marine AD Skyraiders were lost in the Korean War – 101 in combat and 27 to operational causes. Most operational losses were due to the tremendous power of the AD: ADs that were "waved off" during carrier recovery operations were prone to performing a fatal torque roll into the sea or the deck of the aircraft carrier if the pilot mistakenly gave the AD too much throttle. The torque of the engine was so great that it would cause the aircraft to rotate about the propeller and slam into the sea or the carrier.

On 26 July 1954, two Douglas Skyraiders from the aircraft carriers Philippine Sea and Hornet shot down two Chinese PLAAF Lavochkin fighters off the coast of Hainan Island while searching for survivors after the shooting down of a Cathay Pacific Douglas DC 4 Skymaster airliner three days previously.

As American involvement in the Vietnam War began, the A 1 Skyraider was still the medium attack aircraft in many carrier air wings, although it was planned to be replaced by the A 6A Intruder as part of the general switch to jet aircraft. Skyraiders from Constellation and Ticonderoga participated in the first U. S. Navy strikes against North Vietnam on 5 August 1964 as part of Operation Pierce Arrow in response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, striking against fuel depots at Vinh, with one Skyraider from Ticonderoga damaged by anti aircraft fire, and a second from Constellation shot down, killing its pilot, Lieutenant Richard Sather.

During the war, U. S. Navy Skyraiders used their cannon to shoot down two Vietnam People's Air Force (VPAF) Mikoyan Gurevich MiG 17 jet fighters. The first, on 20 June 1965 by Lieutenant Clinton B. Johnson and Lt. (jg) Charles W. Hartman III of VA 25, was the first gun kill of the Vietnam War. The other was on 9 October 1966 by Lt. (jg) William T. Patton of VA 176. On 10 March 1966, USAF Major Bernard F. Fisher flew an A 1E mission and was awarded the Medal of Honor for rescuing Major "Jump" Myers at A Shau Special Forces Camp. USAF Colonel William A. Jones III piloted an A 1H on 1 September 1968 mission for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor. In that mission, despite damage to his aircraft and suffering serious burns, he returned to his base and reported the position of a downed U. S. airman. Col. Oscar Mauterer ejected from his A 1 after taking heavy enemy fire while providing cover for a damaged friendly aircraft on February 15, 1966. Radio reports confirmed Mauterer had a good chute, but was captured by enemy forces. Mauterer is still POW/MIA status. The next A 1 was shot down on 29 April 1966, and Pilot Capt. Grant N. Tabor, was lost on 19 April 1967; both were from the 602 Air Commando Squadron. A Skyraider from Navy Squadron VA 25 on a ferry flight from Naval Air Station Cubi Point (Philippines) to Coral Sea was lost to two Chinese MiG 17s on 14 February 1968: Lieutenant (jg) Joseph P. Dunn, USN flew too close to the Chinese island of Hainan and was intercepted. Lieutenant Dunn's A 1H Skyraider 134499 (Canasta 404) was the last Navy A 1 lost in the war. He was observed to survive the ejection and deploy his raft, but was never found. Initially listed as missing in action, he is now listed as killed in action and posthumously promoted to the rank of Commander. In October 1965, to highlight the dropping of the six millionth pound of ordnance, Commander Clarence J. Stoddard of VA 25, flying an A 1H, dropped a special, one time only object in addition to his other munitions – a toilet. During the Vietnam War, the U. S. Navy lost 65 Skyraiders, 48 of these in combat. The U. S. Air Force used the naval A 1 Skyraider for the first time in Vietnam. As the Vietnam War progressed, USAF A 1s were painted in camouflage, while USN A 1 Skyraiders were gray/white in color in contrast to the Korean War, when A 1s were painted dark blue. After November 1972, all A 1s in U. S. service in Southeast Asia were transferred to the RVNAF. The Skyraider in Vietnam pioneered the concept of tough, survivable aircraft with long loiter times and large ordnance loads. The USAF lost 191 Skyraiders in Southeast Asia, 150 of these in combat. Of the combined total of 256 lost A 1s, five were shot down by Surface to Air Missiles (SAMs), and three were shot down in air to air combat; the rest were shot down by anti aircraft artillery.

The A 1 Skyraider was the close air support workhorse of the RVNAF for much of the Vietnam War. The U. S. Navy began to transfer some of its Skyraiders to the RVNAF in September 1960, replacing the RVNAF's older Grumman F8F Bearcats. By 1962 the RVNAF had 22 of the aircraft in its inventory, and by 1968 an additional 131 aircraft had been received. Initially Navy aviators and crews were responsible for training their South Vietnamese counterparts on the aircraft, but over time responsibility was gradually transferred to the USAF. The initial trainees were selected from among RVNAF Bearcat pilots who had accumulated 800 to 1200 hours flying time. They were trained at NAS Corpus Christi, Texas, and then sent to NAS Lemoore, California for further training. Navy pilots and crews in Vietnam checked out the Skyraiders that were being transferred to the RVNAF, and conducted courses for RVNAF ground crews. Over the course of the war, the RVNAF acquired a total more than 350 Skyraiders, and was operating six A 1 squadrons by the end of 1965. About one third of these were A 1E/G. These were reduced during the period of Vietnamization from 1968 to 1972, as the U. S. began to supply the South Vietnamese with more modern close air support aircraft, such as the A 37 Dragonfly and Northrop F 5, and at the beginning of 1968, only three of its squadrons were flying A 1s. As the U. S. ended its direct involvement in the war, it transferred the remainder of its Skyraiders to the South Vietnamese, and by 1973, all remaining Skyraiders in U. S. inventories had been turned over to the RVNAF. Unlike their American counterparts, whose combat tours were generally limited to 12 months, individual South Vietnamese Skyraider pilots ran up many thousands of combat hours in the A 1, and many senior RVNAF pilots were extremely skilled in the operation of the aircraft. The last Skyraiders transferred to the VNAF were 23 A 1H/J and 21 A 1E/G in late 1972. In 1974, 61 were put in storage. A year later, eleven fled to Thailand (5 A 1E, 1 A 1G, 5 A 1H) and more than 40 were captured by North Vietnam. A 1H 134600 was operated by the VNAF from 1965 to 1975. In 1997, it was acquired by the U. S. Army Center of Military History before it was restored and put on display at the National Museum of the USAF in 2022 (painted as 52–139738).

The Royal Navy acquired 50 AD 4W early warning aircraft in 1951 through the Military Assistance Program. All Skyraider AEW.1s were operated by 849 Naval Air Squadron, which provided four plane detachments for the British carriers. Flights from and took part in the Suez Crisis in 1956. 778 Naval Air Squadron was responsible for the training of the Skyraider crews at RNAS Culdrose until July 1952. In 1960, the Fairey Gannet AEW.3 replaced the Skyraiders, using the AN/APS 20 radar of the Douglas aircraft. The last British Skyraiders were retired in 1962. The Skyraiders were first ordered in 1956 and the first was handed over to the French Air Force on 6 February 1958 after being overhauled and fitted with some French equipment by Sud Aviation. The aircraft were used until the end of the Algerian War. The aircraft were used by the 20e Escadre de Chasse (EC 1/20 "Aures Nementcha", EC 2/20 "Ouarsenis" and EC 3/20 "Oranie") and EC 21 in the close air support role armed with rockets, bombs and napalm. The Skyraiders had only a short career in Algeria, but they nonetheless proved to be the most successful of all the ad hoc counter insurgency aircraft deployed by the French. The Skyraider remained in limited French service until the 1970s. (several aircraft from Gabon and Chad were recovered by French warbird enthusiasts and entered on the French civil register). The French frequently used the aft station to carry maintenance personnel, spare parts and supplies to forward bases. In Chad they even used the aft station for a "bombardier" and his "special stores" – empty beer bottles – as these were considered as non lethal weapons, thus not breaking the government imposed rules of engagement, during operations against Libyan supported rebels in the late 1960s and early 1970s.