Мұражайлық қақпалар мен аркалар: Тарихи және мәдени маңызы

Free standing ornamental or arched gateway

A torana (; [tawr uh nuh]) is a free standing ornamental or arched gateway for ceremonial purposes in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain architecture of the Indian subcontinent. Chinese Shanmen gateways, Japanese torii gateways, According to the vedic text, the Arthasastra, gateways of different forms were to adorn the entrance to a city or a palace. The wedge shaped stone with indentation has mauryan polish on two sides and was suspended vertically. In the Mauryan Empire, the archaeological evidence shows the toranas of Sanchi Stupa dates back to the 3rd century BCE. The form of the Sanchi torana appears to reflect earlier examples in wood, which was popular in Indian architecture before the 3rd century BCE. In Kalinga architecture we can see the torana in many temples built from the 7th to 12th centuries. Jagannath Temple, Puri, Rajarani Temple and Mukteswar Temple are the few example of Kalinga architecture having torana. In Gujarat, several toranas were built under the Chaulukya dynasty (10th 12th century), mostly associated with temples.

There are many different types of toranas, such as, patra torana (on the scrolls or gateway adornment made of leaves), puspa torana (made of flowers), ratna torana (made of precious stones), stambha torana (made on pillars), citra torana (made of paintings), bhitti torana (adornment made on walls, such as over the wall recess or false portals and windows, could even be a specific type of wall painting) and dvara toranas (appended adornment over a gateway (e. g. toran) or an adorned gateways itself).

Torana is a sacred or honorific gateway in Buddhist and Hindu architecture. Its typical form is a projecting cross piece resting on two uprights or posts. It is made of wood or stone, and the cross piece is generally of three bars placed one on the top of the other; both cross piece and posts are usually sculpted. Toranas are associated with Buddhist stupas like the Great Stupa in Sanchi, as well as with Jain and Hindu structures, and also with several secular structures. Symbolic toranas can also be made of flowers and even leaves and hung over the doors and at entrances, particularly in Western and Southern India. They are believed to bring good fortune and signify auspicious and festive occasions. They can also serve didactic and narrative purposes or be erected to mark the victory of a king. During the Vesak festival of Sri Lanka it is a tradition to erect electrically illuminated colorful Vesak toranas in public places. These decorations are temporary installations which remain in public display for couple of weeks starting from the day of Vesak.

During the Vesak festival of Sri Lanka it is a tradition to erect electrically illuminated colorful Vesak Pandols (Thorana) in public places (usually organized by communities, trade organisations). These decorations are temporary installations which remain in public display for couple of weeks starting from the day of Vesak. Moreover, these large structures attracts so many locals in Sri Lanka, and also foreign people from around the world.

Many places that were part of the Greater India and Indosphere were Indianised, as great deal of cultural exchange with India took place in ancient times, examples of cultural and religious practices influenced by the Indian practices include Thai, Chinese, Korean, Japanese and other South Asian, East Asian and Southeast Asian cultures. For example, Benzaiten is a Japanese name for the Hindu goddess Saraswati, and the ancient Siddhaṃ script, which disappeared from India by 1200 CE, is still written by monks in Japan. Ancient Indian torna sacred gateway architecture has influenced gateway architecture across Asia specially where Buddhism was transmitted from India; Chinese paifang gateways and Sao Ching Cha in Thailand have been derived from the Indian torana. Torana Gate, Malaysia, a torana gateway) in Brickfields in Kuala Lumpur, is a gift from the Government of India to Malaysia, construction of which in design identical to the Sanchi Stupa was completed in 2015.

The torii, a gateway erected on the approach to every Shinto shrine, was derived from the Indian torana. According to several scholars, the vast evidence shows how the torii, both etymologically and architecturally, were originally derived from the torana, a free standing sacred ceremonial gateway which marks the entrance of a sacred enclosure, such as Hindu Buddhist temple or shrine, or city.

The hongsalmun is a gate for entering a sacred place in Korea. It is arranged by two round poles set vertically and two transverse bars. It has no roof and door gate, and placed on the middle top gate is a symbol of the trisula and the taegeuk image. Hongsalmun are usually erected to indicate Korean Confucian sites, such as shrines, tombs, and academies such as hyanggyo and seowon.

The paifang, also known as a pailou, is a traditional style of Chinese architectural arch or gateway structure. Originally derived from Indian torana through the introduction of Buddhism to China, it has evolved into many styles and has been introduced to other East Asian countries such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.