Хуарес қатындарының қаны төгілуі

Murder of females in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico

More than 500 women were killed between 1993 and 2011 in Ciudad Juárez, a city in northern Mexico. The crimes have featured in many dramas, songs, and books. After surveying 155 killings out of 340 documented between 1993 and 2003, a government committee found that roughly half were prompted by motives like robbery and gang wars, while a little more than a third involved sexual assault. A narcofosa (mass grave attributed to organized crime) containing the remains of women killed in 2011 and 2012 was found in Madera Municipality, Chihuahua, in December 2016.

In 2005 Amnesty International said that more than 370 young women and girls had been killed in the cities of Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua since 1993. A study was conducted in 2008 on the Femicide Database 1993–2007 at the Colegio de la Frontera Norte which documented incidents of femicide that occurred in Ciudad Juárez from 1993–2010. Of the various different kinds of murders that were analyzed, the study found two common patterns in the data which were classified as intimate femicide and systemic sexual femicide. Intimate femicide refers to women who were killed by men that were close to them. at New Mexico State University, the situation in Juárez is one of "impunity regardless of gender". She states that "female murder victims have never comprised more than 18 percent of the overall number of murder victims in Ciudad Juárez, and in the last two decades that figure averages at less than 10 percent. That’s less than in the United States, where about 20 to 25 percent of the people who are murdered in a given year are women". Statistical evaluation of data from 1990 to 2012 conducted by researchers Pedro H. Albuquerque and Prasad R. Vemala shows that femicide rates in Cd. Juarez are in most years like rates in Chihuahua City and Ensenada and, as a share of overall homicide rates, are lower than in most cities evaluated. They also find that the thesis that maquiladora industries, international trade and the NAFTA are among the main drivers of femicide along the US Mexico border region is not corroborated by data. They conclude that the tendency to stereotype female victims in the border region as young maquiladora workers is probably not in the interest of potential female victims of violence that, in a significant number of cases, are women who have or have had male partners, are unemployed, and are not young. Furthermore, they suggest that measures such as decreasing levels of economic dependency of females on males through increased availability of jobs, the creation of gender violence safe spaces, and defusing border policies and activities that contribute to abnormally high levels of violent crime among males, could help with the reduction of high femicide rates in Mexican border cities.

Drug cartels operate in Juárez, which has resulted in high levels of violence against the local population, including women and girls. Misogyny is a common trait of gang activity. According to Livingston, this migration of women created, "a new phenomenon of mobile, independent, and vulnerable working women," in cities like Ciudad Juárez. Such studies indicate the importance of exploring the effects of NAFTA when considering the possible causes of the murder of women and girls in Ciudad Juárez. In 2011, Amnesty International said, "The government [has] failed to take effective measures to investigate and bring to justice those responsible for the abduction and killing of three women in Ciudad Juárez or to combat the ongoing pattern of violence against women and discrimination in the city.

According to Pantaleo in 2006, "While around 400 girls and women have been abducted and murdered, few arrests and convictions have resulted." For convictions that have been made, there is a great deal of controversy that surrounds them. Further, suspects that have been apprehended have claimed that they were tortured into confessing. In 2008, 16 year old Ruby Frayre Escobedo was murdered by Sergio Barraza Bocanegra who was acquitted at his first trial for lack of evidence. Following two years of activism, a retrial convicted Bocanegra, who remained on the run. In 2010, Ruby's mother, Marisela Escobedo Ortiz, was assassinated by a shot to the head at point blank range while demonstrating for justice in front of the Governor's Palace in Chihuahua.

There have been several international rulings against Mexico for its inadequate response to the increasing violence against women. Further, the Committee concluded that the measures undertaken by the Mexican government in response to gendered violence against women leading up to the time of their inquiry were, "few and ineffective at all levels of the State". The Court ordered Mexico to conduct a new investigation of the murders, create a national memorial for the victims, pay reparations to the families of the victims, and to improve measures which prevent and adequately investigate the murder of women and girls. The center works to provide women in Juárez with a refuge against violence, therapy, legal council, and medical attention.

The American television series The Bridge (2013) used the disappearance of the girls of Juárez as part of the backdrop to a series of murders. This American Life (Public Radio Exchange), Episode 506 Secret Identity, Act Three: The Blonde Avenger, about a real life avenger with a secret identity against sexual violence from bus drivers in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. October 4, 2013. Podcast with transcript. The Netflix series Narcos: Mexico Season 3 references the murders of the young women working in the maquiladoras as a subplot.

The documentary Blood Rising (2013) directed by Mark McLoughlin, which examines the phenomenon of femicide in Juárez through the work of an artist, Brian Maguire. The film Backyard: El Traspatio (2009), directed by Carlos Carrera, is based on these events. The film Bordertown (2007), starring Jennifer Lopez and Antonio Banderas, is based on these murders. The film Señorita Extraviada/Missing Young Woman (2001) by Lourdes Portillo, is a documentary following the femicides of Juárez. The documentary film Equal Means Equal (2016) directed by Kamala Lopez features a segment on the women of Juárez. The documentary film Bajo Juárez: La Ciudad Devorando a Sus Hijas (2006) directed by José Antonio Cordero and Alejandra Sánchez hints at the many layers of political collusion and indifference from local, state and federal authorities. The documentary Las tres muertes de Marisela Escobedo (2020) directed by Carlos Pérez Osorio looks the story of a woman in the midst of a tireless struggle to achieve justice and prevent her daughter's femicide from being forgotten in impunity.

Tori Amos wrote a song about these incidents titled "Juárez", for her album To Venus and Back (1999 2000), after reading about them. At the Drive In's song "Invalid Litter Dept." (2001) contains lyrics about the murders. Los Tigres del Norte's song "Mujeres de Juárez" discusses the lack of government action in finding the perpetrators. The Misfits wrote a song about Juárez titled "Where Do They Go?" from their 2011 album The Devil's Rain. In the lyrics, the incidents are referred to as femicides. Gloria Trevi's song "Inmaculada" from her 2007 album Una Rosa Blu was inspired by the murders. The World Is a Beautiful Place & I Am No Longer Afraid to Die's song "January 10th, 2014" is about the murders and the vigilante justice that took place in their aftermath. Intocable's song "Día 730" has an example that links it to one girl who was going to become famous, but instead became one of the victims for femicide. Sheer Mag's song "Can't Stop Fighting," from their third EP, references the phenomenon in its first lines. Misty L. Dupuis wrote a choral work in honor of the missing and murdered women of Juárez called Mujeres de Juárez.