Сауд Арабиясының сыртқы саясаты және қарым-қатынастары

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Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia are the diplomatic and trade relations between Saudi Arabia and other countries around the world. The foreign policy of Saudi Arabia is focused on co operation with the oil exporting Gulf States, the unity of the Arab World, Islamic solidarity, and support for the United Nations. In practice, the main concerns in recent years have been relations with the US, the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Iraq, the perceived threat from the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the effect of oil pricing. Saudi Arabia contributes large amounts of development aid to Muslim countries. From 1986 to 2006, the country donated £49 billion in aid. Although a member of the Non Aligned Movement, Saudi Arabia is described as leading the "Pro Western Camp" of Arab countries, aligned with the U. S. and composed of Egypt, Jordan, and Arab states of the Persian Gulf. Saudi Arabia and the United States are close strategic allies and partners. However, the relationship witnessed certain decline during the last years of the Obama administration, but strengthened following the election of President Donald Trump who forged close ties with the Saudi royal family. Sunni Islam is the main religion of Saudi. China and Saudi Arabia are major allies, with the relationship between the two countries growing significantly in recent decades. A majority of Saudi Arabians have expressed a favorable view of China. As a founding member of OPEC, Saudi Arabia's long term oil pricing policy has been to keep prices stable and moderate—high enough to earn large amounts of revenue, but not so high as to encourage alternative energy sources among oil importers, or jeopardise the economies of Western countries where many of its financial assets are located and which provide political and military support for the Saudi government. Saudi Arabia is a founding member of several multinational organizations, including OPEC, the United Nations, the Arab League. It is also a founding member of the Gulf Cooperation Council, Muslim World League, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and the Islamic Development Bank—all of which are headquartered in Saudi. The country plays a prominent role in the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and in 2005 joined the World Trade Organization. According to a UCLA professor James L. Gelvin, Saudi Arabia recently has become much more active in terms of foreign and security policy because of the Arab Spring, the policies of the Obama administration and the mid 2010s collapse of oil prices.

After World War II (1939–1945) and during the Cold War (c. 1947–1991), Saudi Arabia maintained an anti Communist, anti secular Arab nationalist policy, often working with the leading anti communist power, the United States. Following the 1973 oil crisis, when Saudi Arabia and other Arab oil exporters embargoed the United States and its allies for their support of Israel, oil revenues increased dramatically, and the Kingdom worked to become the leading Islamic state, spending generously to advance Islam and particularly its conservative school (known as Wahhabism). Supporters see this as having purified and unified the Islamic faith; other commentators claim it has eroded regional Islamic cultures. (Examples of the acculturizing effect of Saudi aid can be seen among the Minangkabau and the Acehnese in Indonesia, as well as among the people of the Maldives. The Wahhabi form of Islam is also perceived in the West as a source of Islamist extremism. Saudi Arabia and its oil policy were significant factors in the proxy wars of the Cold War prior to the downfall of Soviet Communism in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Saudi Arabia helped to finance not just the Afghan Mujahideen but also non Muslim anti communists. It also seriously harmed the Soviet Communist cause by stabilizing oil prices "throughout the 1980s, just when the Russians were desperate to sell energy in order to keep up with huge hikes in American military spending." Following King Fahd's stroke in 1995, Abdullah, then Crown Prince, assumed responsibility for foreign policy. A marked change in U. S. Saudi relations occurred, as Abdullah sought to put distance between his policies and the unpopular pro Western policies of King Fahd. Abdullah took a more independent line from the US and concentrated on improving regional relations, particularly with Iran. Several long standing border disputes were resolved, including significantly reshaping the Saudi border with Yemen. The new approach resulted in increasingly strained relations with the US. However, increasingly, in common with the US, fear and mistrust of Iran became a significant factor in Saudi policy. In 2010 leaked diplomatic cableds revealed that King Abdullah had urged the U. S. to attack Iran in order to "cut off the head of the snake". Saudi Arabia has long since used its alliance with the United States as a counterbalance to Iran's influence in the Middle East, and Saudi Arabia and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf have looked to the United States for protection against Iran. Relations with the US and other Western countries became further strained by the fact that Saudi Arabia has been a source of Islamist terrorist activity world wide. Osama bin Laden and 15 out of the 19 September 11 attacks hijackers were Saudi nationals, though some officials argue that bin Laden planned this deliberately in an attempt to strain U. S. Saudi relations, and former Central Intelligence Agency director James Woolsey described Saudi Arabian Wahhabism as "the soil in which al Qaeda and its sister terrorist organizations are flourishing". Some in the U. S. Government also believe that the royal family, through its long and close relations with Wahhabi clerics, had laid the groundwork for the growth of militant groups like al Qaeda ,and that after the attacks had done little to help track the militants or prevent future atrocities. Following the wave of early 2011 protests and revolutions affecting the Arab world, Saudi Arabia offered asylum to deposed President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali of Tunisia, and King Abdullah telephoned President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt (prior to Mubarak's deposition) to offer his support. Saudi military forces and their allies became involved in conflict in Yemen (on Saudi Arabia's southern borders) from March 2015 onwards.

According to the FFGI at Goethe University Frankfurt, wahhabist ideology is spread globally with organisations closely associated with the government of Saudi Arabia such as the Muslim World League (WML) and the World Association of Muslim Youth are actively participating. Between the mid 1970s and 2002, Saudi Arabia expended over $70 billion in "overseas development aid". However, there is evidence that the vast majority was, in fact, spent on propagating and extending the influence of Wahhabism at the expense of other forms of Islam. According to the government associated paper Ain Al Yaqeen article in 2002, Saudi government sponsored projects were active in non Muslim countries in Europe, North and South America, Africa, Australia and Asia. These encompassed 210 Islamic centres which were completely or partly funded by the Saudi kingdom, 1500 mosques, 202 colleges and almost 2000 schools. The House of Saud has inaugurated 1359 mosques in Europe. China has allegedly imprisoned up to 2 million Muslims in concentration camps, where they are subject to abuse and torture.

Country Formal Relations BeganNotes Argentina has an embassy in Riyadh. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Buenos Aires. Bolivia is represented in Saudi Arabia by its embassy in Cairo
Saudi Arabia is represented in Bolivia by its embassy in Brasilia. Brazil has an embassy in Riyadh. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Brasília. See Canada–Saudi Arabia relations

Canada has an embassy in Riyadh. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Ottawa. See also: Arab Canadians Chile has an embassy in Abu Dhabi which also covers Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Santiago. Colombia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi which also covers Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is represented in Colombia by its embassy in Lima. Costa Rica has an embassy in Abu Dhabi which also covers Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is represented in Costa Rica by its embassy in Lima. Cuba has an embassy in Riyadh. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Havana. Ecuador is represented in Saudi Arabia by its embassy in Cairo
Saudi Arabia is represented in Ecuador by its embassy in Brasilia. El Salvador is represented in Saudi Arabia by its embassy in Doha
Saudi Arabia is represented in El Salvador by its embassy in Mexico City. Guatemala is represented in Saudi Arabia by its embassy in Cairo
Saudi Arabia is represented in Guatemala by its embassy in Mexico City. Haiti has an embassy in Rome which also covers Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is represented in Haiti by its embassy in Havana. Honduras is represented in Saudi Arabia by its embassy in Cairo. Saudi Arabia is represented in Honduras by its embassy in Mexico City. See Mexico–Saudi Arabia relations
Mexico has an embassy in Riyadh. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Mexico City. See also: Islam in Mexico Nicaragua has an embassy in Cairo which also covers Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is represented in Nicaragua by its embassy in Mexico City. Peru has an embassy in Riyadh. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Lima. See Saudi Arabia United States relations

United States recognized the government of King Ibn Saud in 1931. In the 1930s, oil exploration by Standard Oil commenced. There was no US ambassador resident in Saudi Arabia until 1943, but as World War II progressed, the United States began to believe that Saudi oil was of strategic importance. King Ibn Saud met with the U. S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on 14 February 1945 in a meeting which lasted three days. The meeting laid down the basis of the future relations between two countries. In 1951, under a mutual defence agreement, the U. S. established a permanent U. S. Military Training Mission in the kingdom and agreed to provide training support in the use of weapons and other security related services to the Saudi armed forces. This agreement formed the basis of what grew into a longstanding security relationship. The United States is one of Saudi Arabia's largest trading partners and closest allies and has had full diplomatic relations since 1933 and they remain strong today. However, Saudi Arabia's relationship with the United States has been put under pressure since late 2013 following the United States backing down from its intervention in the Syrian Civil War and the United States thawing relations with Iran. The international abduction of American children to Saudi Arabia provoked sustained criticism and resulted in a Congressional hearing in 2002 where parents of children held in Saudi Arabia gave impassioned testimony related to the abduction of their children. Washington based Insight magazine ran a series of articles on international abduction during the same period highlighting Saudi Arabia a number of times

Relations between the U. S. and Saudi Arabia were strained after the September 11 attacks in 2001, when nineteen men affiliated with al Qaeda, including 15 Saudi nationals, hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners, crashing two of the planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, killing 2,973. Saudi Arabia issued a statement on the day of the terrorist attacks on America's World Trade Center and Pentagon, calling them "regrettable and inhuman." Saudi recognition of the Taliban stopped and as of mid November 2001, the Bush administration continued to publicly praise Saudi support for the war on terrorism. However, published media reports have indicated U. S. frustration with Saudi inaction. Although 15 of the 19 hijackers were Saudi nationals, publicly the Saudis were not cooperating with Americans who wanted to look at background files of the hijackers or to interview the hijackers' families. In his first formal television interview as U. S. President, Barack Obama addressed the Muslim world through an Arabic language satellite TV network Al Arabiya. He expressed interest and a commitment to repair relations that have continued to deteriorate under the previous administration. The American envoy to the region is former Sen. George J. Mitchell. On 20 October 2010, U. S. State Department notified Congress of its intention to make the biggest arms sale in American history – an estimated $60.5 billion purchase by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The package represents a considerable improvement in the offensive capability of the Saudi armed forces. The U. S. was keen to point out that the arms transfer would increase "interoperability" with U. S. forces. In the 1990–1991 Gulf War, having U. S. trained Saudi forces, along with military installations built to U. S. specifications, allowed the American armed forces to deploy in a comfortable and familiar battle environment. This new deal would increase these capabilities, as an advanced American military infrastructure is about to be built. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Washington, D. C., and consulates general in Houston, Los Angeles and New York City. United States has an embassy in Riyadh and consulates general in Dhahran and Jeddah. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Montevideo. Uruguay has an embassy in Riyadh. Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Caracas. Venezuela has an embassy in Riyadh, as well as Jeddah.

The reputation of Saudi Arabia in the West has always been controversial due to its record of human rights abuses and the Saudi involvement in the Yemen civil war. The United Kingdom and United States have become a major centre for public relations (PR) supporting the Saudi regime. Lina Khatib, head of the Middle East and north Africa programme at Chatham House, said that Saudi Arabia had embarked upon a "wide ranging PR campaign focused on the UK and the US" since 2016, which involved English language content targeting a British audience. This PR, linked with the support of Theresa May in arms sales during the war in Yemen. In the UK, media PR depicted Mohammed bin Salman as a reforming prince, and major newspapers ran adverts promoting Bin Salman's 'reform agenda'. and a UK Foreign Office spokesman said, "These are extremely serious allegations. We are aware of the latest reports and are working urgently to establish the facts, including with the government of Saudi Arabia." France also sought an explanation as to how an "accomplished and esteemed" journalist such as Khashoggi vanished. Following the murder of Khashoggi, Germany's Chancellor Angela Merkel halted the sale of weapons to Saudi. A non binding resolution was also voted in the European Parliament to "impose an EU wide arms embargo on Saudi Arabia". Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau threatened to cancel a multimillion dollar defence contract amidst the Khashoggi controversy. Consulum, a London based PR firm primarily staffed by former Bell Pottinger employees, has worked on communications programmes with the Saudi Arabian government and PR firm Freud Communications, which has worked with the kingdom in propagating the Saudi Vision 2030 relaunch under Bin Salman, distanced itself from the regime following the disappearance of Khashoggi. Pagefield Global Counsel and Kekst CNC (a London division of French PR company Publicis) have said that they previously worked with the regime but no longer work in Saudi Arabia. A number of media companies that have worked with the Saudi state to promote its overseas image. Bin Salman met Vice Media founder Shane Smith in early 2018 on his tour of the US, and Vice has had a team promoting the country with the Saudi Research and Marketing Group (SRMG), a Saudi regime affiliated publishing group and 'organ of soft power'. SMRG has signed a deal with The Independent to launch foreign language websites (including Arabic) across the Middle East, which has led to concern over potential editorial influence by the Saudi publisher. SMRG also donates to the Tony Blair Institute for Global Change to facilitate Tony Blair's work on the Saudi modernisation programme. According to a FARA eFile document filed with the US Department of Justice, the Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington, D. C., hired an ex top lobbyist of the Heritage Foundation for a brief legislative push before the inauguration of 2020 President elect Joe Biden and his administration. The contract with Off Hill Strategies worth $25,000 per month was effective from 19 October 2020 through 18 January 2021, two days before the inauguration of President Biden. As per the filing, the PR firm was tasked with serving "federal legislative advocacy and related services to support the Embassy's congressional outreach efforts and further advance bilateral ties between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United States." During the primary debate of 2019, Biden was quoted as calling Saudi Arabia a "pariah" and promising to end the US arms sales to Riyadh following its alleged use in the Saudi led coalition's war in Yemen that has resulted in the deaths of thousands of civilians. Off Hill Strategies has been called the Saudi embassy's first hiring in 2020.

Saudi Arabia is a member of the ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BIS, ESCWA, FAO, G 20, G 77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, International Maritime Organization, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, and WTrO.