Утилитаризм және биоэтика: Пайдалылық принципінің медицинадағы қолданысы

Branch of bioethics that incorporates principles of utilitarianism

Utilitarian bioethics refers to the branch of bioethics that incorporates principles of utilitarianism to directing practices and resources where they will have the most usefulness and highest likelihood to produce happiness, in regards to medicine, health, and medical or biological research. Utilitarian bioethics deals with whether or not decisions of biology or medicine are good based on the Greatest Happiness principle, and thus any action or decision that leads to happiness for the greatest number of people is good. Philosopher Bernard Williams was also critical of the utilitarian perspective.

Those against utilitarian principles in research, health care, or bio medical fields suggest that the means to achieve an overall benefit for society is not justified and becomes immoral, and anyone who is part of the act or who is involved in it being allowed is complicit in its immorality. They argue that utilitarianism fails to join itself with common morality, and thus the cannot be accepted as a moral, and any application of utilitarian principles are unethical. Those in favor of utilitarian principles in research, health care, or bio medical fields seek advancements in these areas for the benefit of all people and the collective happiness as a species. They view, what those who are against utilitarian ethics would suggest as immoral acts, as good and necessary practices as a means to maximize total well being, and the arguably controversial research and medical practices are good and beneficial to all people. Many who argue for the morality of utilitarian principles in research and medical areas point to our already accepted model of disaster triage, inherently utilitarian, which seeks to do the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people by foregoing treatment of those in critical conditions for those who have a higher chance to recover and those that can be quickly cared for to then help in the care effort.

Utilitarian bioethics is based on the premise that the distribution of resources is a zero sum game, and therefore medical decisions should logically be made on the basis of each person's total future productive value and happiness, their chance of survival from the present, and the resources required for treatment. One way to grasp an effective way to distribute resources is by cost effective analysis. Utilitarian bioethicists argue that cost effective analysis is the most effective tool in distributing and utilizing resources so to maximize the best possible outcome with the idea that the outcome would lead to a benefit or increased happiness for society. One example of cost effective analysis in regard to health care is the concept of quality adjusted life years or QALY. QALY is a measure of benefit from treating or allocating resources to individuals based on the comparison of each individuals alternative outcome. Although there is controversy in regard to the equality of persons in this concept, equality should be regarded as a separate issue, because if one uses a standard of measurement that produces the same amount of qalys for each individual, as proposed by G. W. Torrance one of the economist credited to the creation of the concept, then there is unfairness when we consider different age groups, with the elderly getting a lower amount of qalys. Some this method of resource allocation as mechanical and devoid of human emotion, and argue for an augmented form of cost effective analysis which seeks to correct this, called the Kevany Riposte. The Kevany Riposte is similar to the traditional cost effective analysis method in that it compares alternative choices and their cost effective ratio, but adds and additional element to the equation which is called the diplomatic value. This added element to resource allocation takes into account the future diplomatic and political effects of a decision, which shows how choices can have a future improvement and be more advantageous in the long run, though less cost effective in the outset.

Though not the principle moral framework for guiding laws, utilitarian ethics can be seen in a number of different areas of state and federal laws, especially those involving resource distribution and health policies.

In 1999, with the passing of the TADA, Texas became the first state to have a law on the books that deals directly with futile medical care. Section 166.046, Subsection (e) of the law states physicians have the right to refuse any intervention they deem as inappropriate. Utilitarian ethics would allow for such a decision given that if there is no benefit from the intervention, than resources as being used ineffectively and therefore effecting others in society, decreasing overall happiness. Some argue that the law is inherently flawed, in that what some physicians find futile care, others might not agree. And even more, some argue that the very law itself demeans the value and dignity of human life. There have also been cases where the physicians who determined that treatment being done was futile care were actually not so, which lead to possibly avoidable death. The Groningen Protocol sought to provide an ethical framework to allow for euthanasia of infants with severe medical diagnosis and prognosis. Those against the protocol believe in the value of principlism, that of beneficence and non maleficence, and that the physician should care for the infant with the best of their ability.