Шалoм: еврей сөзі және амалдасу жолдары

Hebrew word and greeting

Shalom ( šālōm) is a Hebrew word meaning peace and can be used idiomatically to mean hello. As it does in English, it can refer to either peace between two entities (especially between a person and God or between two countries), or to the well being, welfare or safety of an individual or a group of individuals. The word shalom is also found in many other expressions and names. Its equivalent cognate in Arabic is salaam, sliem in Maltese, Shlama in Syriac Assyrian and sälam in Ethiopian Semitic languages from the Proto Semitic root Š L M.

In Hebrew, words are built on "roots", generally of three consonants. When the root consonants appear with various vowels and additional letters, a variety of words, often with some relation in meaning, can be formed from a single root. Thus from the root sh l m come the words shalom ("peace, well being"), hishtalem ("it was worth it"), shulam ("was paid for"), meshulam ("paid for in advance"), mushlam ("perfect"), and shalem ("whole"). Biblically, shalom is seen in reference to the well being of others (Genesis 43:27, Exodus 4:18), to treaties (I Kings 5:12), and in prayer for the wellbeing of cities or nations (Psalm 122:6, Jeremiah 29:7). The meaning of completeness, central to the term shalom, can also be confirmed in related terms found in other Semitic languages. The Assyrian term salamu means to be complete, unharmed, paid/atoned. Sulmu, another Assyrian term, means welfare. A closer relation to the idea of shalom as a concept and action is seen in the Arabic root salaam, meaning, among other things, to be safe, secure and forgiven.

The word "shalom" can be used for all parts of speech; as a noun, adjective, verb, adverb, and interjection. It categorizes all shaloms. The word shalom is used in a variety of expressions and contexts in Hebrew speech and writing:

Shalom by itself is a very common abbreviation and it is used in Modern Israeli Hebrew as a greeting and farewell. In this way, it is similar to the Hawaiian aloha, the English good evening and the Indian namaste. Shalom aleichem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם; "well being be upon you" or "may you be well"), this expression is used to greet others and is a Hebrew equivalent of "hello". The appropriate response to such a greeting is "upon you be well being" ( עֲלֵיכֶם שָׁלוֹם, aleichem shalom). This is a cognate of the Arabic assalamu alaikum. On the eve of Shabbat, Jews have a custom of singing a song which is called Shalom Alecheim, before the Kiddush over wine of the Shabbat dinner is recited. In the Gospels, Jesus often uses the greeting "Peace be unto you" (e. g., Matthew 10:12), a translation of shalom aleichem. See Pax (liturgy). Shabbat shalom (שַׁבָּת שָׁלוֹם; "peaceful Sabbath") is a common greeting used on Shabbat. This is most prominent in areas with Mizrahi, Sephardi, or modern Israeli influence. Many Ashkenazi communities in the Jewish diaspora use Yiddish Gut shabbes in preference or interchangeably. Ma sh'lom'cha (מַה שְׁלוֹמְךָ; "What is your well being/peace?") is a Hebrew equivalent of the English "how are you?". Alav hashalom (עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם; "upon him is peace") is a phrase used in some Jewish communities, especially Ashkenazi ones, after mentioning the name of a deceased respected individual. Oseh shalom (עוֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם; "Peace Maker") is the part of a passage commonly found as a concluding sentence in much Jewish liturgy (including the birkat hamazon, kaddish and personal amidah prayers).

The Talmud says, "the name of God is 'Peace'", therefore, one is not permitted to greet another with the word 'shalom' in places such as a bathroom. Biblical references lead some Christians to teach that "Shalom" is one of the sacred names of God.

Shalom is also a Hebrew name, found commonly in Israel as both a given and family name. While traditionally masculine, it is occasionally androgynous, such as in the case of model Shalom Harlow. Related male names include Shlomo (English spelling: Solomon) and Shlomi. Related female names include Shulamit, Shulamith, Shlomtzion or Shlomzion and Salome and Shlomith. Sholem Aleichem was the pseudonym of Shalom Rabinowitz, whose work Tevye and his Daughters formed the basis for Fiddler on the Roof.

The 1982 Lebanon War is known in Hebrew as Milchemet Shlom Hagalil (Hebrew: מלחמת שלום הגליל), which means in English, "The War for the Shalom (or Well Being) of the Galilee".