Қазақ тілінде: 1350-1650 жылдардағы неміс тілінің жаңа кезеңі

Early modern stage (1350–1650) of the German language

Early New High German (ENHG) is a term for the period in the history of the German language generally defined, following Wilhelm Scherer, as the period 1350 to 1650. The term is the standard translation of the German Frühneuhochdeutsch (Frnhd., Fnhd. ), introduced by Scherer. The term Early Modern High German is also occasionally used for this period (but the abbreviation EMHG is generally used for Early Middle High German).

The start and end dates of ENHG are, like all linguistic periodisations, somewhat arbitrary. In spite of many alternative suggestions, Scherer's dates still command widespread acceptance. Linguistically, the mid 14th century is marked by the phonological changes to the vowel system that characterise the modern standard language; the mid 17th sees the loss of status for regional forms of language, and the triumph of German over Latin as the dominant, and then sole, language for public discourse. Scherer's dates also have the merit of coinciding with two major demographic catastrophes with linguistic consequences: the Black Death, and the end of the Thirty Years' War. Arguably, the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, by ending religious wars and creating a Germany of many small sovereign states, brought about the essential political conditions for the final development of a universally acceptable standard language in the subsequent New High German period. Alternative periodisations take the period to begin later, such as the invention of printing with moveable type in the 1450s.

There was no standard Early New High German, and all forms of language display some local or regional characteristics. However, there was increasing harmonisation in the written and printed word, the start of developments towards the unified standard which was codified in the New High German period.

Middle Low German, spoken across the whole of Northern Germany north of the Benrath Line in the Middle Ages, was a distinct West Germanic language. From the start of the 16th century, however, High German came increasingly to be used in this area not only in writing but also in the pulpit and in schools. By the end of the ENHG period, Low German had almost completely ceased to be used in writing or in formal and public speech and had become the low status variant in a diglossic situation, with High German as the high status variant.

The MHG vowel system undergoes significant changes in the transition to ENHG and their uneven geographical distribution has served to further differentiate the modern dialects.

The overall consonant system of German remains largely unchanged in the transition from MHG to Modern German. However, in many cases sounds changed in particular environments and therefore changed in distribution. Some of the more significant are the following. (In addition, there are many other changes in particular dialects or in particular words.)

Luther, 1545 Luther Bible, 2017 King James Version 1 Im anfang war das Wort / Vnd das Wort war bey Gott / vnd Gott war das Wort. Im Anfang war das Wort, und das Wort war bei Gott, und Gott war das Wort. In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.2 Das selbige war im anfang bey Gott. Dasselbe war im Anfang bei Gott. The same was in the beginning with God.3 Alle ding sind durch dasselbige gemacht / vnd on dasselbige ist nichts gemacht / was gemacht ist. Alle Dinge sind durch dasselbe gemacht, und ohne dasselbe ist nichts gemacht, was gemacht ist. All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made.4 Jn jm war das Leben / vnd das Leben war das Liecht der Menschen / In ihm war das Leben, und das Leben war das Licht der Menschen. In him was life; and the life was the light of men.5 vnd das Liecht scheinet in der Finsternis / vnd die Finsternis habens nicht begriffen. Und das Licht scheint in der Finsternis, und die Finsternis hat's nicht ergriffen. And the light shineth in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not.6 ES ward ein Mensch von Gott gesand / der hies Johannes. Es war ein Mensch, von Gott gesandt, der hieß Johannes. There was a man sent from God, whose name was John.7Derselbige kam zum zeugnis / das er von dem Liecht zeugete / auff das sie alle durch jn gleubten. Der kam zum Zeugnis, damit er von dem Licht zeuge, auf dass alle durch ihn glaubten. The same came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all men through him might believe.8Er war nicht das Liecht / sondern das er zeugete von dem Liecht. Er war nicht das Licht, sondern er sollte zeugen von dem Licht. He was not that Light, but was sent to bear witness of that Light.9Das war das warhafftige Liecht / welchs alle Menschen erleuchtet / die in diese Welt komen. Das war das wahre Licht, das alle Menschen erleuchtet, die in diese Welt kommen. That was the true Light, which lighteth every man that cometh into the world.

OriginalEnglish translationAin land, genanntt Cipern, Ist ain inßel vnd künigreich gegen der sonnen auffgang im mör gelegen, fast wunsam, lustig vnd fruchtbar aller handen edler natürlicher früchten, manigem wissend, der tzu dem hailigen land Jerusalem gefarn vnd im selben künigreich Cipern zugelendt vnd da gewesen ist. The Kingdom of Cyprus is an island situated close to where the sun rises from the sea: a delightful, merry, fertile island, full of all kinds of fruits, and known to many who have landed and passed some time there on their journey to Jerusalem, in the Holy Land. Darinn ain treffenliche statt, genannt Famagosta, in wölicher stat ain edler purger altz herkommens was geseßsen. It contains a splendid city, Famagusta, which was once the seat of a noble burgher of ancient lineage. Dem sein öltern groß hab vnnd gut verlassen hetten, allso, das er fast reich, mächtig vnnd darbey iung was, aines freyen muttes. His parents had left him much money and property, so that he was very rich and powerful; but he was also very young and of a careless disposition. Wenig betrachtet, wie seine elteren zu tzeiten das ir erspart vnd gemeert hettend, vnnd sein gemüt was gentzlichen gericht auff zeitlich eer, freüd vnd wollust des leibs. He had taken but little notice of how his parents had saved and increased their money, and his mind was wholly preoccupied with the pursuit of honour and physical pleasures. Vnd nam an sich ainen kostlichen stand mitt stechenn, turnieren, dem künig gen hoff tzureytten vnnd ander sachenn, Darmitt er groß gut on ward vnnd seine freünd wol kunden mercken, das er mer on ward, dann sein nutzung ertragen mocht, vnd gedachtend jm ain weib zu geben, ob sy jn von sollichem ziehen möchten, vnd legten ym das für. So he maintained himself in great state, jousting, tourneying, and travelling around with the King's Court, and losing much money thereby. His friends, soon noticing that he was in danger of losing more than his means could bear, thought of giving him a wife, in the hope that she would curb his expenditure. When they suggested this to him, he was highly pleased, and he promised to follow their advice; and so they began to search for a suitable spouse.

The first complete translation into English of the editio princeps.

Alfred Götze. Frühneuhochdeutsches Glossar. 2. Aufl. Bonn 1920 (= Kleine Texte für Vorlesungen und Übungen, 101); 5. Aufl. Berlin 1956; Neudrucke 1960 u. ö. The second edition (1920) is online: archive. org. Christa Baufeld, Kleines frühneuhochdeutsches Wörterbuch. Niemeyer, Tübingen 1996, Frühneuhochdeutsches Wörterbuch. Hrsg. von Robert R. Anderson [für Bd. 1] / Ulrich Goebel / Anja Lobenstein Reichmann [für die Bände 5, 6, 11–13] und Oskar Reichmann. Berlin / New York 1989 ff.