Бетховеннің "Missa solemnis" шығармасының тарихы

1824 mass by Beethoven

The Missa solemnis in D major, Op. 123, is a Solemn Mass composed by Ludwig van Beethoven from 1819 to 1823. It was first performed on 7 April 1824 in Saint Petersburg, Russia, under the auspices of Beethoven's patron Prince Nikolai Golitsyn; an incomplete performance was given in Vienna on 7 May 1824, when the Kyrie, Credo, and Agnus Dei were conducted by the composer. It is generally considered one of the composer's supreme achievements and, along with Bach's Mass in B minor, one of the most significant Mass settings of the common practice period. Written around the same time as his Ninth Symphony, it is Beethoven's second setting of the Mass, after his Mass in C major, Op. 86. The work was dedicated to Archduke Rudolf of Austria, archbishop of Olmütz, Beethoven's foremost patron as well as pupil and friend. The copy presented to Rudolf was inscribed "Von Herzen—Möge es wieder—Zu Herzen gehn!" ("From the heart – may it return to the heart!")

The Missa Solemnis is Beethoven's third choral composition on a sacred subject, after the oratorio Christus am Ölberge (1802), and his earlier mass setting, the Mass in C major (1807). The new composition was written to celebrate the investiture of Rudolph of Habsburg Lorraine as Archbishop of Olmütz, which took place on 9 March 1820.

The first performance did not take place in a sacred setting, but at the Philharmonic Society in Saint Petersburg on the initiative of the Russian nobleman and patron Nikolai Golitsyn on 7 April 1824 (March 26 Old Style). The premiere, originally planned for Christmas 1823, was delayed by rehearsing the demanding choral parts, which proved to be more time consuming than planned, and by incorrectly copied parts. Who conducted the premiere on 7 April 1824 is unknown. Parts of the mass (Kyrie, Credo, Agnus Dei) were performed on 7 May 1824, under the direction of Kapellmeister Michael Umlauf at the Kärntnertor Theater in Vienna, together with the overture The Consecration of the House and the premiere of Symphony No. 9. The three movements of the mass performed were designated “hymns” because the Viennese censorship authorities objected to the performance of mass settings in a secular venue. Another performance of the entire mass took place in a liturgical setting in 1830 in the Church of St. Peter and Paul in the Bohemian town of Varnsdorf.

The mass is scored for a quartet of vocal soloists, a substantial chorus, and the full orchestra. Each at times is used in virtuosic, textural, and melodic capacities. The full roster consists of 2 flutes; 2 oboes, 2 clarinets (in A, C, and B); 2 bassoons; contrabassoon; 4 horns (in D, E, B basso, E, and G); 2 trumpets (D, B, and C); alto, tenor, and bass trombone; timpani; organ continuo; strings (violins I and II, violas, cellos, and basses); soprano, alto, tenor, and bass soloists; and mixed choir.

The Missa solemnis consists of five movements, corresponding to the first five sections of the Ordinary. Note: Under "Scoring", the performers are indicated with the following abbreviations: "S" vocal soloists, "C" chorus, "O" orchestra. Additionally, "T" stands for the tenor soloist in 'Et homo factus est', and "V" the violinist in the Benedictus. Under "Note", the remarks in italics were written into the score by the composer. №MovementBarsIncipitBarsTempoScoringKeyMeterNote1KyrieKyrie eleisonAssai sostenutoSCO D major "Mit Andacht"Christe eleisonAndante assai ben marcato B minor Kyrie eleisonTempo I D major 2 GloriaGloria in excelsis DeoAllegro vivaceCO D major Gloria themeGratias agimus tibiMeno AllegroSCO B majorDomine DeusTempo I B major,F majorGloria themeQui tollis peccata mundi Larghetto D minor,D major,B major, D major Quoniam tu solus SanctusAllegro maestosoCO D major In gloria Dei Patris. AmenAllegro, ma non troppoe ben marcatoSCO FuguePoco piu Allegro PrestoCO Reprise of'Gloria in excelsis Deo'3CredoCredo in unum DeumAllegro ma non troppoCO B major Credo themeEt incarnatus estAdagio SCO D DorianEt homo factus est Andante TCO D major Tenor soloCrucifixus etiam pro nobis Adagio espressivo SCO D minorEt resurrexit tertia dieAllegroC G Mixolydian A cappella chorusEt ascendit in coelumAllegro moltoCO F major Credo in Spiritum SanctumAllegro ma non troppo Credo themeEt vitam venturi AmenAllegretto ma non troppo Double fugueAllegro con motoGraveSCO4 SanctusSanctus, Sanctus, SanctusAdagioSOD major "Mit Andacht"Pleni sunt coeliAllegro pesante FugueOsanna in excelsisPresto Sostenuto ma non troppoO G major"Praeludium"Benedictus qui venitAndante molto cantabilee non troppo mossoSCVO G major,C major,G major Violin solo5 Agnus DeiAgnus DeiAdagioSCO B minor Dona nobis pacemAllegretto vivace D major "Bitte um innernund äussern Frieden"Allegro assai B major Martial episode 1Tempo I F major, D major Handel's Messiah citation:"And he shall reign"Presto D major,B major Martial episode 2Tempo I B major,D major
Duration: A performance of the complete work runs from 70 to 90 minutes.

The writing displays Beethoven's characteristic disregard for the performer, and is in several places both technically and physically exacting, with many sudden changes of dynamic, metre and tempo. This is consistent throughout, starting with the opening Kyrie where the syllables Ky ri are delivered either forte or with sforzando, but the final e is piano. As noted below, the reprise of the Et vitam venturi fugue is particularly taxing, being both subtly different from the previous statements of the theme and counter theme, and delivered at around twice the speed. The orchestral parts also include many demanding sections, including the violin solo in the Sanctus and some of the most demanding work in the repertoire for bassoon and contrabassoon. The difficulty of the piece combined with the requirements for a full orchestra, large chorus, and highly trained soloists, both vocal and instrumental, mean that it is not often performed by amateur or semi professional ensembles.

Perhaps the most traditional movement, the Kyrie is in a traditional ABA′ structure. The grand opening 3 D major chords motif, contrasts sharply with the 4th pianissimo response: (GOD/man) followed by humble stately choral writing in the first section and more contrapuntal vocal textures in the Christe section. The four (SATB) vocal soloists and chorus share the thematic material throughout, the former particularly in the Christe Eleison section.

Quickly shifting textures and themes highlight each portion of the Gloria text, in a beginning to the movement that is almost encyclopedic in its exploration of time. The movement ends with the first of the work's two fugues, on the text "In gloria Dei patris. Amen", leading into a recapitulation of the initial Gloria text and music.

Up until the Benedictus of the Sanctus, the Missa solemnis is of fairly normal classical proportions. But then, after an orchestral preludio, a solo violin enters in its highest range—representing the Holy Spirit descending to earth in a remarkably long extension of the text.

A setting of the plea "miserere nobis" (have mercy on us) that begins with the men's voices alone in B minor yields, eventually, to a bright D major prayer "dona nobis pacem" ("grant us peace") in a pastoral mode. After some fugal development, it is suddenly and dramatically interrupted by martial sounds (a convention in the 18th century, as in Haydn's Missa in tempore belli), but after repeated pleas of "miserere", eventually recovers and brings itself to a close.

YearConductorOrchestra and choirSoloistsLabel1928Bruno KittelBerliner Philharmoniker,Bruno Kittel ChorLotte Leonard/Emmy Land,Elenor Schlosshauer Reynolds,Anton Maria Topitz/Eugen Transky,Wilhelm Guttmann/Hermann ScheyPolydor1935Arturo ToscaniniNew York Philharmonic,New York Schola CantorumElisabeth Rethberg, Marion Telva,Giovanni Martinelli, Ezio PinzaArchipel1937Thomas BeechamLondon Philharmonic Orchestra,Leeds Festival ChorusIsobel Baillie, Mary Jarred,Heddle Nash, Keith FalknerEMI1938Sergey KoussevitzkyBoston Symphony,Radcliffe Choral Society, Harvard Glee ClubJeanette Vreeland, Anna Kaskas,John Priebe, Norman CordonRCA1939Arturo ToscaniniBBC Symphony OrchestraBBC Choral SocietyZinka Milanov, Kerstin Thorborg,Koloman von Pataky, Nicola MosconaArchipel1940Clemens KraussChor und Orchester der Wiener StaatsoperTrude Eipperle, Luise Willer, Julius Patzak, Georg HannArchipel1940Arturo ToscaniniNBC Symphony Orchestra,Westminster ChoirZinka Milanov, Bruna Castagna Jussi Björling, Alexander KipnisMusic and Arts1946Erich KleiberTeatro Colon Orchestra and ChorusNilda Hoffmann, Mafalda Rinaldi,Lydia Kindermann, Kolomon von PatakyArchipel1948Bruno WalterNew York Philharmonic Orchestra,Westminster ChoirEleanor Steber, Nan Merriman,Walter Hain, Lorenzo AlvaryMusic and Arts1948Erich KleiberStockholm Philharmonic Orchestra and ChorusBirgit Nilsson, Lisa Tunnel,Gosta Backlein, Sigurd BjorlingMusic and Arts1950Otto KlempererWiener Symphoniker,Akademiechor WienIlona Steingruber, Elsa Schürhoff,Ernst Maykut, Otto WienerVox1953Arturo ToscaniniNBC Symphony Orchestra,Robert Shaw ChoraleLois Marshall, Nan Merriman,Eugene Conley, Jerome HinesRCA1955Otto KlempererKölner Rundfunk Sinfonie Orchester,Kölner Rundfunkchor,Chor des Norddeutschen RundfunksAnnelies Kupper, Sieglinde Wagner,Rudolf Schock, Josef GreindlArchiphon1955Karl BöhmBerliner Philharmoniker,Chor der St. Hedwigs KathedraleMaria Stader, Marianna Radev,Anton Dermota, Josef GreindlDeutsche Grammophon1955Volkmar AndraeWiener Symphoniker,Wiener SingvereinTeresa Stich Randall, Hilde Rössel Majdan,Julius Patzak, Gottlob FrickArchipel1957Carl SchurichtNordwestdeutsche Philharmonie,Chor der St. Hedwigs KathedraleMaria Stader, Elsa Cavelti,Ernst Haefliger, Heinz RehfussArchiphon1957Otto KlempererConcertgebouworkest,Toonkunstkoor Amsterdam,Collegium Musicum AmstelodamenseElisabeth Schwarzkopf, Nan Merriman,József Simándy, Heinz RehfußArchipel1958Jascha HorensteinPhilharmonia Orchestra,Leeds Festival ChorusTeresa Stich Randall, Norma Procter,Peter Pears, Kim BorgPristine Audio1959Herbert von KarajanWiener Philharmoniker,Wiener SingvereinLeontyne Price, Christa Ludwig,Nicolai Gedda, Nicola ZaccariaEMI1960Leonard BernsteinNew York Philharmonic Orchestra,Westminster ChoirEileen Farrell, Carol Smith,Richard Lewis, Kim BorgColumbia1960Herbert von KarajanPhilharmonia OrchestraWiener SingvereinElisabeth Schwarzkopf, Christa Ludwig,Nicolai Gedda, Nicola ZaccariaTestament1961Jascha HorensteinBBC Symphony Orchestra,BBC ChorusTeresa Stich Randall, Norma Procter,Richard Lewis, Kim BorgBBC Legends1963Günter WandGürzenich Orchester Köln,Gürzenich ChorLeonore Kirchstein, Jeanne Deroubaix,Peter Schreier, Günther MorbachNonesuch. Testament1965Otto KlempererNew Philharmonia Orchestra & ChorusElisabeth Söderström, Marga Höffgen,Waldemar Kmentt, Martti TalvelaEMI1966Herbert von KarajanBerliner Philharmoniker,Wiener SingvereinGundula Janowitz, Christa Ludwig,Fritz Wunderlich, Walter BerryDeutsche Grammophon1967Eugene OrmandyPhiladelphia Orchestra,Singing City ChoirsMartina Arroyo, Maureen Forrester,Richard Lewis, Cesare SiepiColumbia1967George SzellCleveland Orchestra & ChorusSara Mae Endich, Florence Kopleff,Ernst Haefliger, Ezio FlagelloUrania1970Eugen JochumConcertgebouw Orchestra,Netherlands Radio ChorusAgnes Giebel, Marga Höffgen,Ernst Haefliger, Karl RidderbuschPhilips1973William SteinbergKölner Rundfunk Sinfonie Orchester,Kölner RundfunkchorHeather Harper, Julia Hamari,Sven Olof Eliasson, Peter Mevenica classics1974Karl BöhmWiener Philharmoniker,Konzertvereinigung Wiener StaatsopernchorMargaret Price, Christa Ludwig,Wiesław Ochman, Martti TalvelaDeutsche Grammophon1975Herbert von KarajanBerliner Philharmoniker,Wiener SingvereinGundula Janowitz, Agnes Baltsa,Peter Schreier, Jose Van DamEMI1975Carlo Maria GiuliniLondon Philharmonic OrchestraNew Philharmonia ChorusHeather Harper, Janet Baker,Robert Tear, Hans SotinEMI1977Rafael KubelíkChor und Symphonieorchesterdes Bayrischen RundfunksHelen Donath, Brigitte Fassbänder,Peter Schreier, John Shirley QuirkOrfeo1977Colin DavisLondon Symphony Orchestra & ChorusAnna Tomova Sintow, Patricia Payne,Robert Tear, Robert LloydPhilips1978Georg SoltiChicago Symphony Orchestra & ChorusLucia Popp, Yvonne Minton,Mallory Walker, Gwynne HowellDecca1978Leonard BernsteinConcertgebouw Orchestra,Radio Chorus of the NOS, HilversumEdda Moser, Anna Schwarz,René Kollo, Kurt MollDeutsche Grammophon1982Georg SoltiLondon Philharmonic Orchestra,Edinburgh Festival ChorusHelen Donath, Doris Soffel,Siegfried Jerusalem, Hans SotinLPO1985Herbert von KarajanBerliner Philharmoniker,Wiener SingvereinLella Cuberli, Trudeliese Schmidt,Vinson Cole, José van DamDeutsche Grammophon1985Michael GielenORF Radio Symphonieorchester Wien,Wiener SingvereinAlison Hargan, Marjana Lipovšek,Thomas Moser, Matthias HölleOrfeo1987Michael GielenSWF Sinfonieorchester Baden Baden,Prague Philharmonic ChoirPhyllis Bryn Julson, Marjana Lipovšek, Josef Protschka, Kurt RydlIntercord/Aurophon1987Terje KvamThe Hanover Band,Oslo Cathedral ChoirMarianne Hirsti, Carolyn Watkinson,Andrew Murgatroyd, Michael GeorgeNimbus1988Antal DorátiEuropean Symphony Orchestra,University of Maryland ChorusTina Kiberg, Rosemarie Lang,William Cochran, Mikhail KrutikovBIS1988Antal DorátiEuropean Symphony Orchestra, University of Maryland ChorusBarbara Martig Tüller, Rosemarie Lang,William Cochran, Thomas BrandisMelodiya1988Robert ShawAtlanta Symphony Orchestra & ChorusSylvia McNair, Janice TaylorJohn Aler, Tom KrauseTelarc1989John Eliot GardinerOrchestre Révolutionnaire et RomantiqueMonteverdi ChoirCharlotte Margiono, Catherine Robbin,William Kendall, Alastair MilesArchiv Produktion1989Helmuth RillingBach Collegium Stuttgart, Gächinger Kantorei StuttgartPamela Coburn, Florence Quivar,Aldo Baldin, Andreas Schmidt Hänssler1990Jeffrey TateEnglish Chamber Orchestra,Tallis Chamber ChoirCarol Vaness, Waltraud Meier,Hans Peter Blochwitz, Hans TschammerEMI1991Daniel BarenboimChicago Symphony Orchestra & ChorusTina Kiberg, Waltraud MeierJohn Aler, Robert HollErato1991James LevineWiener Philharmoniker,Leipziger Rundfunkchor,Swedish Radio Choir,Eric Ericson Chamber ChoirCheryl Studer, Jessye Norman,PlácidoDomingo, Kurt MollDeutsche Grammophon1992Nikolaus HarnoncourtChamber Orchestra of Europe,Arnold Schoenberg ChorEva Mei, Marjana Lipovsek,Anthony Rolfe Johnson, Robert HollTeldec1993Rudolf BarshaiRussian National Orchestra,Sveshnikov Male Choir,Moscow Radio Children's ChoirUrsula Fiedler, Barbara Hölzl,Werner Hollweg, Jakob StämpfliCapriole1994Georg SoltiBerliner PhilharmonikerRundfunkchor BerlinJulia Varady, Iris Vermillion,Vinson Cole, René PapeDecca1996Kurt MasurGewandhausorchester Leipzig,Rundfunkchor LeipzigAnna Tomowa Sintow, Annalies Burmeister,Peter Schreier, Hermann Christian PolsterBerlin Classics2001David ZinmanTonhalle Orchester Zürich,Schweizer KammerchorLuba Orgonasova, Anna Larsson,Rainer Trost, Franz Josef SeligArte Nova2001Roger NorringtonRadio Sinfonieorchester Stuttgart des SWR,NDR Chor, SWR VokalensembleAmanda Halgrimson, Cornelia Kallisch,John Aler, Alastair MilesHänssler2002Philippe HerrewegheOrchestre des Champs Elysées,Collegium Vocale GentLa Chapelle RoyaleRosa Mannion, Birgit Remmert,James Taylor, Cornelius HauptmannHarmonia Mundi2003Kenneth SchermerhornNashville Symphony Orchestra and ChorusLori Phillips, Robynne Redmon,James Taylor, Jay BaylonNaxos2006Colin DavisSymphonieorchester und Chordes Bayrischen RundfunksLuba Orgonasova, Jadwiga Rappé,Uwe Hellmann, Jan Hendrik RooteringRCA2007Gustav KuhnBolzano Trento Haydn Orchestra,Chorus Academy of the Tyrolean FestivalIngrid Kaiserfeld, Hermine Haselbock,Wolfram Wittekind, Liang LiCol Legno2008Valentin RaduAma Deus EnsembleSarah Davis, Jody Kidwell,Timothy Bentch, Ed BaraLyrichord2010Alan GilbertNew York Philharmonic Orchestra,New York Choral ArtistsChristine Brewer, Jane Henschel,Anthony Dean Griffey, Eric OwensNY Philharmonic2010Enoch zu GuttenbergOrchester und Kammerchorder KlangVerwaltungSusanne Bernhard, Anke Vondung,Pavol Breslik, Yorck Felix SpeerFarao Classics2011Charles MackerrasSydney Symphony Orchestra,Sydney Philharmonia ChoirRosamund Illing, Elizabeth Campbell,Christopher Doig, Rodney MacannABC Classics2012Herbert BlomstedtGewandhausorchester,MDR RundfunkchorSimone Schneider, Gerhild Romberger, Richard Croft, Jochen KupferQuerstand2012Christoph EschenbachLondon Philharmonic Orchestra and ChoirAnne Schwanewilms, Annette Jahns,Nikolai Schukoff, Dietrich Henschel LPO2012Philippe HerrewegheOrchestre des Champs Elysées,Collegium Vocale GentMarlis Petersen, Gerhild Romberger,Benjamin Hulett, David Wilson JohnsonPHI2012John Eliot GardinerOrchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique,Monteverdi ChoirLucy Crowe, Jennifer Johnston,James Gilchrist, Matthew RoseSDG2013Marc SoustrotOrchester der Beethovenhalle Bonn,Czech Philharmonic Choir BrnoHillevi Martinpelto, Elena Zaremba,Herbert Lippert, Ronnie JohansenMDG2014Bernard HaitinkSymphonieorchester und Chordes Bayerischen RundfunksGenia Kühlmeier, Elisabeth Kulman, Mark Padmore, Hanno Müller BrachmannBR Klassik2015Nikolaus HarnoncourtConcentus Musicus Wien,Arnold Schoenberg ChorLaura Aikin, Bernarda Fink,Johannes Chum, Ruben DroleSony2016Daniel ReussOrchestra of the Eighteenth Century,Cappella AmsterdamCarolyn Sampson, Marianne Beate Kielland,Thomas Walker, David Wilson JohnsonGlossa2017Marek JanowskiRundfunk Sinfonieorchester Berlin,MDR Rundfunkchor LeipzigRegine Hangler, Elisabeth Kulman,Christian Elsner, Franz Josef SeligPentatone 2018Masaaki SuzukiBach Collegium JapanAnn Helen Moen, Roxana Constantinescu,James Gilchrist, Benjamin BevanBIS 2019Frieder BerniusHofkapelle Stuttgart,Kammerchor StuttgartJohanna Winkel, Sophie Harmsen,Sebastian Kohlhepp, Arttu KatajaCarus2021René JacobsFreiburger Barockorchester,RIAS KammerchorPolina Pastirchak, Sophie Harmsen,Steve Davislim, Johannes WeisserHarmonia Mundi2023Jordi SavallLe Concert des Nations,La Capella Nacional de CatalunyaLina Johnson, Olivia Vermeulen,Martin Platz, Manuel WalserAliaVox