Жануарлардың үстін ерінін кері иіп, тістерін көрсетуі

Behavior in which an animal curls back its upper lip exposing its front teeth

The flehmen response ('/f//l//eɪ//m//ən/; from German flehmen, to bare the upper teeth, and Upper Saxon German flemmen, to look spiteful), also called the flehmen position, flehmen reaction, flehmen grimace, flehming, or flehmening, is a behavior in which an animal curls back its upper lip exposing its front teeth, inhales with the nostrils usually closed, and then often holds this position for several seconds. The word was introduced in 1930 by Karl Max Schneider, director of the Leipzig zoo and an authority on big cats in captivity.

The flehmen response was first described by Frederik Ruysch and described later by Ludwig Jacobson in 1813.

This response is characterized by the animal curling back its top lip exposing the front teeth and gums, then inhaling and holding the posture for several seconds. Animals that exhibit flehmen have a papilla located behind the incisors and ducts which connect the oral cavity to the VNO, with horses being an exception. Horses exhibit flehmen but do not have an incisive duct communication between the nasal and oral cavity because they do not breathe through their mouths; instead, the VNOs connect to the nasal passages by the nasopalatine duct.

The chemical cue obtained by an animal exhibiting the flehmen response is the presence of a non volatile organic compound. In contrast to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), non volatile organic compounds are those carbon compounds that do not participate in atmospheric photochemical reactions or evaporate under normal atmospheric conditions. The VNO detects non VOCs, which must have direct contact with the odor source. Sources of non VOCs relevant to the flehmen response include pheromones and hormones excreted from the genital regions or urine of animals.

An animal may perform the flehmen response when investigating sites of particular interest, or perhaps (more generally) odors or tastes.

The primary function of the flehmen response is intra species communication. By transferring air containing pheromones and other scents to the vomeronasal organ (VNO), an olfactory chemosensory organ located between the roof of the mouth and the palate, animals can gather chemical "messages". These scents tell an animal about other members of their species in some of the following ways:
Identifying reproductive status – male individuals commonly use the flehmen response as an olfactory mechanism for identifying the reproductive state of females of the same species based on pheromones in the female's urine or genitals. This is exhibited in the reproductive behavior of sheep. The ram often exhibits flehmen after sniffing the ewes' external genital region, but this occurs most frequently on the day before estrus when the ewes are sexually receptive. Reproductive synchrony – flehmen behavior also plays a role in reproductive synchrony between females. In the sable antelope, the frequency of flehmen changes seasonally, with the highest levels just prior to conception. Female antelopes associate closely with other females in the same reproductive state. Flehmen rates between females anticipated birth synchrony. Additionally, the level of synchrony was predicted by the frequency of female urine sampling during the previous year. Flehmen is a mechanism used by female sable antelopes to manipulate the timing of both conception and birth of offspring. In the American bison, flehmen behavior in females has also been shown to stimulate the onset of estrus and copulation synchronization. Post parturition – in horses, mares commonly show a peak in flehmen response during the first few hours after giving birth. Smelling the newborn foal and the amniotic fluids associated with birth often produces the reaction. Immature animals – in young horses, both colts (males) and fillies (females) exhibit flehmen behavior toward other conspecifics with neither sex performing the behavior more than the other. However, it has been reported that young colts flehmen up to five times more frequently than fillies, and fillies flehmen more frequently than mature mares.

The flehmen response is not limited to intra species communication. Goats have been tested for their flehmen response to urine from 20 different species, including several non mammalian species. This study suggests there is a common element in the urine of all animals, an interspecific pheromone, which elicits flehmen behavior. Specifically, chemical pheromone levels of a modified form of androgen, a sex hormone, were associated with the response in goats.