Введение
Латинский алфавит для записи белорусского языка. Белорусский латинский алфавит, или Лацинка (от , BGN/PCGN: , ), обозначает латинский шрифт в целом и является общепринятым названием для записи белорусского языка латиницей. Он схож с сорбским алфавитом и включает элементы польского и чешского алфавитов. В настоящее время белорусский язык чаще всего использует кириллицу.
Latin alphabet for writing the Belarusian language
The Belarusian Latin alphabet or Łacinka (from , BGN/PCGN: , ) for the Latin script in general is the common name for writing Belarusian using Latin script. It is similar to the Sorbian alphabet and incorporates features of the Polish and Czech alphabets. Today, Belarusian most commonly uses the Cyrillic alphabet.
The Belarusian Latin alphabet or Łacinka (from , BGN/PCGN: , ) for the Latin script in general is the common name for writing Belarusian using Latin script. It is similar to the Sorbian alphabet and incorporates features of the Polish and Czech alphabets. Today, Belarusian most commonly uses the Cyrillic alphabet.
Использование
Лацинка использовалась на территории Беларуси с XVI века. После аннексии белорусской территории Российской империей, в 1859–1905 годах лацинка была полностью запрещена российскими властями с целью облегчить переход на кириллицу и, по возможности, на русский язык в целом. Этот запрет был снят в 1905 году, что привело к активному параллельному использованию как лацинки, так и белорусской кириллицы в многочисленных книгах и газетах вплоть до 1930-х годов. Во время оккупации западной части Беларуси Германской империей в 1914–1918 годах лацинка была единственным письмом, разрешённым для изучения на уроках родного языка, поскольку кириллица там была запрещена. В настоящее время лацинка эпизодически используется в своей современной форме отдельными авторами, группами и сторонниками в еженедельнике «Наша Ніва», журнале ARCHE и некоторых изданиях белорусской диаспоры в интернете. Система романизации в лацинке носит скорее фонологический, чем орфографический характер, поэтому необходимо знание определенных орфографических правил. Например, лацинский эквивалент кириллической буквы «е» может быть «je» или «ie» в зависимости от её позиции в слове. Кроме того, в лацинке отсутствует мягкий знак; палатализация обозначается диакритическим знаком над предшествующей согласной.
Łacinka was used in the Belarusian area from the 16th century. After the annexation of the Belarusian territory by the Russian Empire, Łacinka was completely banned by the Russian authorities during 1859 1905 in order to facilitate the switch to the Cyrillic script and preferably to the Russian language in general. This ban ended in 1905, resulting in the active concurrent use of both Łacinka and the Belarusian Cyrillic script in numerous books and newspapers until the 1930s. Though during the time of the occupation of the western part of Belarus by the German Empire in 1914 1918, the Łacinka script was the only one allowed to be studied on the "native language" lessons because the Cyrillic script was banned there. Nowadays Łacinka is used occasionally in its current form by certain authors, groups and promoters in the Naša Niva weekly, the ARCHE journal, and some of the Belarusian diaspora press on the Internet. The system of romanisation in the Łacinka is phonological rather than orthographical, and thus certain orthographic conventions must be known. For instance, the Łacinka equivalent to Cyrillic е can be je or ie, depending on its position in a word. Also, there is no soft sign in Łacinka; palatalisation is instead represented by a diacritic on the preceding consonant. Belarusian Latin alphabet(as seen in publications, c.1990s–2000s) Łacinka Cyrillic IPA A a А а B b Б б C c Ц ц Ć ć Ць ць* Č č Ч ч D d Д д Dz dz Дз дз Dź dź Дзь дзь* Dž dž Дж дж E e Э э F f Ф ф G g (Ґ ґ) Łacinka Cyrillic IPA H h Г г Ch ch Х х I i І і* J j Й й, ь* K k К к L l Ль ль* Ł ł Л л M m М м N n Н н Ń ń Нь нь* O o О о P p П п Łacinka Cyrillic IPA R r Р р S s С с Ś ś Сь сь* Š š Ш ш T t Т т U u У у Ŭ ŭ Ў ў V v В в Y y Ы ы Z z З з Ź ź Зь зь* Ž ž Ж ж * Cyrillic е, ё, ю, я are equivalent to je, jo, ju, ja initially or after a vowel, to e, o, u, a after the consonant l (ля = la), and to ie, io, iu, ia after other consonants. * Cyrillic л is generally romanised as ł, but it is transliterated as l if it appears before ь, і, е, ё, ю, я, or another л followed by these letters. Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script is similar to Łacinka, but transliterates Cyrillic л in different ways: л = ł (Łacinka) = l (geographical), ль = l (Łacinka) = ĺ (geographical), ля = la (Łacinka) = lia (geographical). This may become a source of confusion because, for example, the Łacinka spelling of the word "столь" is indistinguishable from the geographical transliteration of a different word "стол" as they both look like "stol". Whereas the changes of the actual Łacinka were never disruptive or ambiguous during its lifetime, digraphs sz/cz were even sometimes used along with their modernized diacritic š/č replacements in the same text.
Белорусский латинский алфавит (как он выглядит в публикациях, ок. 1990-х – 2000-х гг.)
Łacinka was used in the Belarusian area from the 16th century. After the annexation of the Belarusian territory by the Russian Empire, Łacinka was completely banned by the Russian authorities during 1859 1905 in order to facilitate the switch to the Cyrillic script and preferably to the Russian language in general. This ban ended in 1905, resulting in the active concurrent use of both Łacinka and the Belarusian Cyrillic script in numerous books and newspapers until the 1930s. Though during the time of the occupation of the western part of Belarus by the German Empire in 1914 1918, the Łacinka script was the only one allowed to be studied on the "native language" lessons because the Cyrillic script was banned there. Nowadays Łacinka is used occasionally in its current form by certain authors, groups and promoters in the Naša Niva weekly, the ARCHE journal, and some of the Belarusian diaspora press on the Internet. The system of romanisation in the Łacinka is phonological rather than orthographical, and thus certain orthographic conventions must be known. For instance, the Łacinka equivalent to Cyrillic е can be je or ie, depending on its position in a word. Also, there is no soft sign in Łacinka; palatalisation is instead represented by a diacritic on the preceding consonant. Belarusian Latin alphabet(as seen in publications, c.1990s–2000s) Łacinka Cyrillic IPA A a А а B b Б б C c Ц ц Ć ć Ць ць* Č č Ч ч D d Д д Dz dz Дз дз Dź dź Дзь дзь* Dž dž Дж дж E e Э э F f Ф ф G g (Ґ ґ) Łacinka Cyrillic IPA H h Г г Ch ch Х х I i І і* J j Й й, ь* K k К к L l Ль ль* Ł ł Л л M m М м N n Н н Ń ń Нь нь* O o О о P p П п Łacinka Cyrillic IPA R r Р р S s С с Ś ś Сь сь* Š š Ш ш T t Т т U u У у Ŭ ŭ Ў ў V v В в Y y Ы ы Z z З з Ź ź Зь зь* Ž ž Ж ж * Cyrillic е, ё, ю, я are equivalent to je, jo, ju, ja initially or after a vowel, to e, o, u, a after the consonant l (ля = la), and to ie, io, iu, ia after other consonants. * Cyrillic л is generally romanised as ł, but it is transliterated as l if it appears before ь, і, е, ё, ю, я, or another л followed by these letters. Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script is similar to Łacinka, but transliterates Cyrillic л in different ways: л = ł (Łacinka) = l (geographical), ль = l (Łacinka) = ĺ (geographical), ля = la (Łacinka) = lia (geographical). This may become a source of confusion because, for example, the Łacinka spelling of the word "столь" is indistinguishable from the geographical transliteration of a different word "стол" as they both look like "stol". Whereas the changes of the actual Łacinka were never disruptive or ambiguous during its lifetime, digraphs sz/cz were even sometimes used along with their modernized diacritic š/č replacements in the same text.
Лацинка Кириллица МФА
A a А а
B b Б б
C c Ц ц
Ć ć Ць ць*
Č č Ч ч
D d Д д
Dz dz Дз дз
Dź dź Дзь дзь*
Dž dž Дж дж
E e Э э
F f Ф ф
G g (Ґ ґ)
H h Г г
Ch ch Х х
I i І і*
J j Й й, ь*
K k К к
L l Ль ль*
Ł ł Л л
M m М м
N n Н н
Ń ń Нь нь*
O o О о
P p П п
R r Р р
S s С с
Ś ś Сь сь*
Š š Ш ш
T t Т т
U u У у
Ŭ ŭ Ў ў
V v В в
Y y Ы ы
Z z З з
Ź ź Зь зь*
Ž ž Ж ж
Łacinka was used in the Belarusian area from the 16th century. After the annexation of the Belarusian territory by the Russian Empire, Łacinka was completely banned by the Russian authorities during 1859 1905 in order to facilitate the switch to the Cyrillic script and preferably to the Russian language in general. This ban ended in 1905, resulting in the active concurrent use of both Łacinka and the Belarusian Cyrillic script in numerous books and newspapers until the 1930s. Though during the time of the occupation of the western part of Belarus by the German Empire in 1914 1918, the Łacinka script was the only one allowed to be studied on the "native language" lessons because the Cyrillic script was banned there. Nowadays Łacinka is used occasionally in its current form by certain authors, groups and promoters in the Naša Niva weekly, the ARCHE journal, and some of the Belarusian diaspora press on the Internet. The system of romanisation in the Łacinka is phonological rather than orthographical, and thus certain orthographic conventions must be known. For instance, the Łacinka equivalent to Cyrillic е can be je or ie, depending on its position in a word. Also, there is no soft sign in Łacinka; palatalisation is instead represented by a diacritic on the preceding consonant. Belarusian Latin alphabet(as seen in publications, c.1990s–2000s) Łacinka Cyrillic IPA A a А а B b Б б C c Ц ц Ć ć Ць ць* Č č Ч ч D d Д д Dz dz Дз дз Dź dź Дзь дзь* Dž dž Дж дж E e Э э F f Ф ф G g (Ґ ґ) Łacinka Cyrillic IPA H h Г г Ch ch Х х I i І і* J j Й й, ь* K k К к L l Ль ль* Ł ł Л л M m М м N n Н н Ń ń Нь нь* O o О о P p П п Łacinka Cyrillic IPA R r Р р S s С с Ś ś Сь сь* Š š Ш ш T t Т т U u У у Ŭ ŭ Ў ў V v В в Y y Ы ы Z z З з Ź ź Зь зь* Ž ž Ж ж * Cyrillic е, ё, ю, я are equivalent to je, jo, ju, ja initially or after a vowel, to e, o, u, a after the consonant l (ля = la), and to ie, io, iu, ia after other consonants. * Cyrillic л is generally romanised as ł, but it is transliterated as l if it appears before ь, і, е, ё, ю, я, or another л followed by these letters. Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script is similar to Łacinka, but transliterates Cyrillic л in different ways: л = ł (Łacinka) = l (geographical), ль = l (Łacinka) = ĺ (geographical), ля = la (Łacinka) = lia (geographical). This may become a source of confusion because, for example, the Łacinka spelling of the word "столь" is indistinguishable from the geographical transliteration of a different word "стол" as they both look like "stol". Whereas the changes of the actual Łacinka were never disruptive or ambiguous during its lifetime, digraphs sz/cz were even sometimes used along with their modernized diacritic š/č replacements in the same text.
*Кириллические буквы е, ё, ю, я соответствуют je, jo, ju, ja в начале слова или после гласной, e, o, u, a после согласной л (ля = la), и ie, io, iu, ia после других согласных.
Łacinka was used in the Belarusian area from the 16th century. After the annexation of the Belarusian territory by the Russian Empire, Łacinka was completely banned by the Russian authorities during 1859 1905 in order to facilitate the switch to the Cyrillic script and preferably to the Russian language in general. This ban ended in 1905, resulting in the active concurrent use of both Łacinka and the Belarusian Cyrillic script in numerous books and newspapers until the 1930s. Though during the time of the occupation of the western part of Belarus by the German Empire in 1914 1918, the Łacinka script was the only one allowed to be studied on the "native language" lessons because the Cyrillic script was banned there. Nowadays Łacinka is used occasionally in its current form by certain authors, groups and promoters in the Naša Niva weekly, the ARCHE journal, and some of the Belarusian diaspora press on the Internet. The system of romanisation in the Łacinka is phonological rather than orthographical, and thus certain orthographic conventions must be known. For instance, the Łacinka equivalent to Cyrillic е can be je or ie, depending on its position in a word. Also, there is no soft sign in Łacinka; palatalisation is instead represented by a diacritic on the preceding consonant. Belarusian Latin alphabet(as seen in publications, c.1990s–2000s) Łacinka Cyrillic IPA A a А а B b Б б C c Ц ц Ć ć Ць ць* Č č Ч ч D d Д д Dz dz Дз дз Dź dź Дзь дзь* Dž dž Дж дж E e Э э F f Ф ф G g (Ґ ґ) Łacinka Cyrillic IPA H h Г г Ch ch Х х I i І і* J j Й й, ь* K k К к L l Ль ль* Ł ł Л л M m М м N n Н н Ń ń Нь нь* O o О о P p П п Łacinka Cyrillic IPA R r Р р S s С с Ś ś Сь сь* Š š Ш ш T t Т т U u У у Ŭ ŭ Ў ў V v В в Y y Ы ы Z z З з Ź ź Зь зь* Ž ž Ж ж * Cyrillic е, ё, ю, я are equivalent to je, jo, ju, ja initially or after a vowel, to e, o, u, a after the consonant l (ля = la), and to ie, io, iu, ia after other consonants. * Cyrillic л is generally romanised as ł, but it is transliterated as l if it appears before ь, і, е, ё, ю, я, or another л followed by these letters. Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script is similar to Łacinka, but transliterates Cyrillic л in different ways: л = ł (Łacinka) = l (geographical), ль = l (Łacinka) = ĺ (geographical), ля = la (Łacinka) = lia (geographical). This may become a source of confusion because, for example, the Łacinka spelling of the word "столь" is indistinguishable from the geographical transliteration of a different word "стол" as they both look like "stol". Whereas the changes of the actual Łacinka were never disruptive or ambiguous during its lifetime, digraphs sz/cz were even sometimes used along with their modernized diacritic š/č replacements in the same text.
*Кириллическая буква л обычно романизируется как ł, но транслитерируется как l, если она стоит перед ь, і, е, ё, ю, я или другой л, за которой следуют эти буквы.
Łacinka was used in the Belarusian area from the 16th century. After the annexation of the Belarusian territory by the Russian Empire, Łacinka was completely banned by the Russian authorities during 1859 1905 in order to facilitate the switch to the Cyrillic script and preferably to the Russian language in general. This ban ended in 1905, resulting in the active concurrent use of both Łacinka and the Belarusian Cyrillic script in numerous books and newspapers until the 1930s. Though during the time of the occupation of the western part of Belarus by the German Empire in 1914 1918, the Łacinka script was the only one allowed to be studied on the "native language" lessons because the Cyrillic script was banned there. Nowadays Łacinka is used occasionally in its current form by certain authors, groups and promoters in the Naša Niva weekly, the ARCHE journal, and some of the Belarusian diaspora press on the Internet. The system of romanisation in the Łacinka is phonological rather than orthographical, and thus certain orthographic conventions must be known. For instance, the Łacinka equivalent to Cyrillic е can be je or ie, depending on its position in a word. Also, there is no soft sign in Łacinka; palatalisation is instead represented by a diacritic on the preceding consonant. Belarusian Latin alphabet(as seen in publications, c.1990s–2000s) Łacinka Cyrillic IPA A a А а B b Б б C c Ц ц Ć ć Ць ць* Č č Ч ч D d Д д Dz dz Дз дз Dź dź Дзь дзь* Dž dž Дж дж E e Э э F f Ф ф G g (Ґ ґ) Łacinka Cyrillic IPA H h Г г Ch ch Х х I i І і* J j Й й, ь* K k К к L l Ль ль* Ł ł Л л M m М м N n Н н Ń ń Нь нь* O o О о P p П п Łacinka Cyrillic IPA R r Р р S s С с Ś ś Сь сь* Š š Ш ш T t Т т U u У у Ŭ ŭ Ў ў V v В в Y y Ы ы Z z З з Ź ź Зь зь* Ž ž Ж ж * Cyrillic е, ё, ю, я are equivalent to je, jo, ju, ja initially or after a vowel, to e, o, u, a after the consonant l (ля = la), and to ie, io, iu, ia after other consonants. * Cyrillic л is generally romanised as ł, but it is transliterated as l if it appears before ь, і, е, ё, ю, я, or another л followed by these letters. Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script is similar to Łacinka, but transliterates Cyrillic л in different ways: л = ł (Łacinka) = l (geographical), ль = l (Łacinka) = ĺ (geographical), ля = la (Łacinka) = lia (geographical). This may become a source of confusion because, for example, the Łacinka spelling of the word "столь" is indistinguishable from the geographical transliteration of a different word "стол" as they both look like "stol". Whereas the changes of the actual Łacinka were never disruptive or ambiguous during its lifetime, digraphs sz/cz were even sometimes used along with their modernized diacritic š/č replacements in the same text.
Инструкции по транслитерации белорусских географических названий латинскими буквами аналогичны правилам лацинки, но транслитерируют кириллическую л по-разному: л = ł (лацинка) = l (географическая), ль = l (лацинка) = ĺ (географическая), ля = la (лацинка) = lia (географическая). Это может привести к путанице, поскольку, например, написание слова «столь» в лацинке не отличается от географической транслитерации другого слова «стол», так как оба выглядят как «stol». В то время как изменения в самой лацинке никогда не были радикальными или двусмысленными на протяжении всего периода её существования, диграфы sz/cz иногда использовались вместе с их модернизированными диакритическими аналогами š/č в одном и том же тексте.
Łacinka was used in the Belarusian area from the 16th century. After the annexation of the Belarusian territory by the Russian Empire, Łacinka was completely banned by the Russian authorities during 1859 1905 in order to facilitate the switch to the Cyrillic script and preferably to the Russian language in general. This ban ended in 1905, resulting in the active concurrent use of both Łacinka and the Belarusian Cyrillic script in numerous books and newspapers until the 1930s. Though during the time of the occupation of the western part of Belarus by the German Empire in 1914 1918, the Łacinka script was the only one allowed to be studied on the "native language" lessons because the Cyrillic script was banned there. Nowadays Łacinka is used occasionally in its current form by certain authors, groups and promoters in the Naša Niva weekly, the ARCHE journal, and some of the Belarusian diaspora press on the Internet. The system of romanisation in the Łacinka is phonological rather than orthographical, and thus certain orthographic conventions must be known. For instance, the Łacinka equivalent to Cyrillic е can be je or ie, depending on its position in a word. Also, there is no soft sign in Łacinka; palatalisation is instead represented by a diacritic on the preceding consonant. Belarusian Latin alphabet(as seen in publications, c.1990s–2000s) Łacinka Cyrillic IPA A a А а B b Б б C c Ц ц Ć ć Ць ць* Č č Ч ч D d Д д Dz dz Дз дз Dź dź Дзь дзь* Dž dž Дж дж E e Э э F f Ф ф G g (Ґ ґ) Łacinka Cyrillic IPA H h Г г Ch ch Х х I i І і* J j Й й, ь* K k К к L l Ль ль* Ł ł Л л M m М м N n Н н Ń ń Нь нь* O o О о P p П п Łacinka Cyrillic IPA R r Р р S s С с Ś ś Сь сь* Š š Ш ш T t Т т U u У у Ŭ ŭ Ў ў V v В в Y y Ы ы Z z З з Ź ź Зь зь* Ž ž Ж ж * Cyrillic е, ё, ю, я are equivalent to je, jo, ju, ja initially or after a vowel, to e, o, u, a after the consonant l (ля = la), and to ie, io, iu, ia after other consonants. * Cyrillic л is generally romanised as ł, but it is transliterated as l if it appears before ь, і, е, ё, ю, я, or another л followed by these letters. Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script is similar to Łacinka, but transliterates Cyrillic л in different ways: л = ł (Łacinka) = l (geographical), ль = l (Łacinka) = ĺ (geographical), ля = la (Łacinka) = lia (geographical). This may become a source of confusion because, for example, the Łacinka spelling of the word "столь" is indistinguishable from the geographical transliteration of a different word "стол" as they both look like "stol". Whereas the changes of the actual Łacinka were never disruptive or ambiguous during its lifetime, digraphs sz/cz were even sometimes used along with their modernized diacritic š/č replacements in the same text.
Сегодня
В настоящее время лацинка используется редко, за исключением некоторых плакатов и значков. Однако некоторые книги продолжают издаваться этим шрифтом. Например:
Уладзімір Арлоў. 2015. Patria Aeterna. Апавяданні [Patria Aeterna: Рассказы]. Мінск: А. Н. Вараксін. Рычардас Гавеліс. 2018. Вільнюскі покер (перевод с литовского Паўлінай Вітушчанкай). Вільнюс: Logvino literatūros namai і Мінск: Лохвінаў. Примечание: Бумажная книга была издана кириллицей в тарашкевице. Тем не менее, электронная книга доступна в трех версиях, отличающихся орфографически и письменно, а именно, также на лацинке и в официальной орфографии, помимо точной копии бумажного издания. Альгерд Бахарэвіч. 2022. Vieršy Вершы [Стихи]. Прага: Vydaviectva Viasna Выдавецтва Вясна, 142 с. Примечание: Каждое стихотворение представлено на лацинке и кириллице. В Вильнюсе с 1997 года функционирует журнал Рунь (Ruń, ISSN 1392 7671), в последних выпусках которого публикуются статьи как на кириллице тарашкевицы, так и на лацинке. В конце 2021 года был запущен проект ВКонтакте – белорусская Википедия на латинском алфавите, то есть Biełaruskaja Wikipedyja łacinkaj. В честь Международного дня родного языка (21 февраля) в 2023 году была запущена веб-версия сайта «Наша Ніва», автоматически преобразованная на лацинский язык.
Nowadays, Łacinka is used rarely apart from some posters and badges. Yet, some books continue to be published in this script. For instance:
Uładzimir Arłoŭ. 2015. Patria Aeterna. Apaviadańni [Patria Aeterna: Short Stories]. Minsk: A. N. Varaksin. Ričardas Gavelis. 2018. Vilenski pokier [Vilnius Poker] (translated from the Lithuanian by Paŭlina Vituščanka). Vilnius: Logvino literatūros namai and Minsk: Lohvinaŭ. NB: The paper book was published in Cyrillic in Taraškievica. Yet, the ebook is available in three orthographically and scriptaly different versions, namely, also in Łacinka and official orthography, apart from the faithful copy of the paper edition. Alhierd Bacharevič. 2022. Vieršy Вершы [Poems]. Prague: Vydaviectva Viasna Выдавецтва Вясна., 142pp. NB: Each poem is given in Łacinka and Cyrillic. In Vilnius since 1997 functions a magazine Рунь (Ruń, ISNN 1392 7671), recent issues of which include articles in both Cyrillic Taraškievica and Łacinka. In late 2021 a VK project of the Latin alphabet based Belarusian Wikipedia, that is, the Biełaruskaja Wikipedyja łacinkaj, commenced. On the occasion of the International Mother Language Day (February 21) in 2023, a machine converted website edition of Naša Niva in Łacinka was launched.
Uładzimir Arłoŭ. 2015. Patria Aeterna. Apaviadańni [Patria Aeterna: Short Stories]. Minsk: A. N. Varaksin. Ričardas Gavelis. 2018. Vilenski pokier [Vilnius Poker] (translated from the Lithuanian by Paŭlina Vituščanka). Vilnius: Logvino literatūros namai and Minsk: Lohvinaŭ. NB: The paper book was published in Cyrillic in Taraškievica. Yet, the ebook is available in three orthographically and scriptaly different versions, namely, also in Łacinka and official orthography, apart from the faithful copy of the paper edition. Alhierd Bacharevič. 2022. Vieršy Вершы [Poems]. Prague: Vydaviectva Viasna Выдавецтва Вясна., 142pp. NB: Each poem is given in Łacinka and Cyrillic. In Vilnius since 1997 functions a magazine Рунь (Ruń, ISNN 1392 7671), recent issues of which include articles in both Cyrillic Taraškievica and Łacinka. In late 2021 a VK project of the Latin alphabet based Belarusian Wikipedia, that is, the Biełaruskaja Wikipedyja łacinkaj, commenced. On the occasion of the International Mother Language Day (February 21) in 2023, a machine converted website edition of Naša Niva in Łacinka was launched.