Аль-Муканна: Повстанец и пророк Хорасана

Afghani Islamic sect founder (died c. 783)
Al Muqanna (المقنع "The Veiled", died c. 783 and he was a clothes pleater. He became a commander for Abu Muslim who ruled over the province of Greater Khorasan under the Abbasid caliphs. After Abu Muslim's execution in 755 AD on the orders of the second Abbasid caliph al Mansur, Hashim claimed to be the incarnation of God. He was reputed to wear a veil in order to cover up his beauty, whereas his followers wore white clothes in opposition to Abbasid rulers' black. He is reputed to have engaged in magic and miracles in order to gain followers. According to Bertold Spuler, Muqanna and his followers introduced common ownership of women. Hashim was instrumental in the formation of the Khorrām Dīnān armies which were led by Pāpak Khorram Din. This was an uprising of Persians aimed at overthrowing the ruling Arabs. When Hashim’s followers began raiding towns and mosques of other Muslims and looting their possessions, the Abbasid caliph sent several commanders to crush the rebellion. Hashim chose to poison himself rather than surrender to the Abbasids, who had set fire to his house. Hashim died in a Persian fort near Kesh. The Khorrām Dīnān armies continued to exist until the 12th century.

In 1787 Napoleon Bonaparte wrote a two page short story about Al Muqanna called "Le Masque prophète". The first poem in Lalla Rookh (1817) by Thomas Moore is titled The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan, and the character Mokanna is modeled loosely on al Muqanna‘. An 1877 opera, The Veiled Prophet by Charles Villiers Stanford, is in turn loosely based on the story of Mokanna as given in Lalla Rookh. St. Louis businessmen referenced Moore's poem in 1878 when they created the Veiled Prophet Organization and concocted a legend of Mokanna as its founder. For many years the organization put on an annual fair and parade called the "Veiled Prophet Fair", which was renamed Fair Saint Louis in 1992. The organization also gave a debutante ball each December called the Veiled Prophet Ball. The Mystic Order of Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm (founded 1889), often known as "the Grotto", a social group with membership restricted to Master Masons, and its female auxiliary, the Daughters of Mokanna (founded 1919), also take their names from Thomas Moore's poem. Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges used a fictionalized al Muqanna‘ as the central character of The Masked Dyer, Hakim of Merv, a 1934 short story, and in another story fifteen years later, The Zahir, as a past avatar of the titular object. Sax Rohmer used the legend of el Mokanna as the background for his 1934 novel, The Mask of Fu Manchu. Iranian film director Khosrow Sinai has a film script about al Muqanna entitled Sepidjāmeh (The Man in White) published in Tehran in 1999.