Антисоциальное поведение: причины, проявления и влияние.

Actions that lack consideration for the well being of others

Antisocial behaviours, sometimes called dissocial behaviours, are actions which are considered to violate the rights of or otherwise harm others by committing crime or nuisance, such as stealing and physical attack or noncriminal behaviours such as lying and manipulation. It is considered to be disruptive to others in society. This can be carried out in various ways, which includes, but is not limited to, intentional aggression, as well as covert and overt hostility. However, researchers have stated that it is a difficult term to define, particularly in the United Kingdom where many acts fall into its category. The term is especially used in Irish English and British English. Although the term is fairly new to the common lexicon, the word anti social behaviour has been used for many years in the psychosocial world where it was defined as "unwanted behaviour as the result of personality disorder." The American Psychiatric Association, in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, diagnoses persistent anti social behaviour as antisocial personality disorder. Genetic factors include abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex of the brain while neurobiological risk include maternal drug use during pregnancy, birth complications, low birth weight, prenatal brain damage, traumatic head injury, and chronic illness. A pattern of persistent anti social behaviours can also be present in children and adolescents diagnosed with conduct problems, including conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder under the DSM 5. It has been suggested that individuals with intellectual disabilities have higher tendencies to display anti social behaviours, but this may be related to social deprivation and mental health problems. More research is required on this topic.

Intent and discrimination may determine both pro and anti social behaviour. Infants may act in seemingly anti social ways and yet be generally accepted as too young to know the difference before the age of four or five. Berger states that parents should teach their children that "emotions need to be regulated, not depressed". Studies have shown that in children between ages 13–14 who bully or show aggressive behaviour towards others exhibit anti social behaviours in their early adulthood. Many of the studies regarding the media's influence on anti social behaviour have been deemed inconclusive. Some reviews have found strong correlations between aggression and the viewing of violent media, while others find little evidence to support their case. The only unanimously accepted truth regarding anti social behaviour is that parental guidance carries an undoubtedly strong influence; providing children with brief negative evaluations of violent characters helps to reduce violent effects in the individual.

Families greatly impact the causation of anti social behaviour. Some other familial causes are parent history of anti social behaviours, parental alcohol and drug abuse, unstable home life, absence of good parenting, physical abuse, parental instability (mental health issues/PTSD) and economic distress within the family.

There is a small link between antisocial personality characteristics in adulthood and more TV watching as a child. The risk of early adulthood criminal conviction increased by nearly 30 percent with each hour children spent watching TV on an average weekend. Peers can also impact one's predisposition to anti social behaviours, in particular, children in peer groups are more likely to associate with anti social behaviours if present within their peer group. Several factors are considered as direct or indirect causes of developing anti social behaviour in children. Addressing these factors are necessary to develop a reliable and effective intervention or treatment. Children's perinatal risk, temperament, intelligence, nutrition level, and interaction with parents or caregivers can influence their behaviours. As for parents or caregivers, their personality traits, behaviours, socioeconomic status, social network, and living environment can also affect children's development of anti social behaviour. This type of treatment focuses on enabling the patients to create an accurate image of the self, allowing the individuals to find the trigger of their harmful actions and changing how individuals think and act in social situations. Due to their impulsivity, their inability to form trusting relationships and their nature of blaming others when a situation arises, individuals with particularly aggressive anti social behaviours tend to have maladaptive social cognitions, including hostile attribution bias, which lead to negative behavioural outcomes. Problem solving skills training (PSST) is a type of CBT that aims to recognize and correct how an individual thinks and consequently behaves in social environments. Therapists, when providing CBT intervention to individuals with anti social behaviour, should first assess the level of the risk of the behaviour in order to establish a plan on the duration and intensity of the intervention. Since certain types of interactions between parents and children may reinforce a child's anti social behaviour, the aim of BPT is to teach the parent effective skills to better manage and communicate with their child. This could be done by reinforcing pro social behaviours while punishing or ignoring anti social behaviours. is an early intervention for Kindergarten to 3rd grade children who are demonstrating antisocial behaviours. First Step is a collaborative intervention between home and school. There are three important components: (1) Screening; (2) School intervention (CLASS): teaches the child appropriate behaviour through positive reinforcement; (3) Home intervention (HomeBase): teaches the parent key skills for supporting their child and the use of positive reinforcement. The classroom intervention phase (CLASS) takes about 30 days to complete and has 3 phases: (1) Coach led; (2) Teacher led; (3) Maintaining. The Red Card/Green Card game (red = inappropriate behaviour; green = appropriate behaviour) is played at school each day. The coach/teacher shows a red/green card as a visual cue to the target student based on their current behaviour. Points are earned if the card is on green at the end of a timed interval. If enough points are earned at the end of the game, the target child gets to choose a reward that the entire class can enjoy together (i. e., extra time at recess, playing a special game, etc.). Coaches/teachers communicate daily with parent(s) throughout the intervention. The home intervention (HomeBase) begins a few days after the classroom intervention. HomeBase builds parent's confidence in 6 specific skill areas and in parent child activities. Coaches meet with parent(s) once weekly for 6 weeks. Parent(s) engage with the target child for 10–15 minutes daily in one on one time during the intervention. Overall, First Steps takes about 3 months to implement, requires minimal time from parent(s) and teachers and has shown empirically positive results in increasing prosocial behaviour in at risk children. Individuals can learn skills such as anger and violence management. It is most effective when specific issues are being discussed with individuals with anti social behaviours, rather than a broad general concept. This type of therapy works well with individuals who are at a mild to moderate stage of anti social behaviour since they still have some sense of responsibility regarding their own problems. When working with individuals with anti social behaviour, therapist must be mindful of building a trusting therapeutic relationship since these individuals might have never experienced rewarding relationships. Therapists also need to be reminded that changes might take place slowly, thus an ability for noticing small changes and constant encouragement for individuals with anti social behaviour to continue the intervention are required. Since family exerts enormous influence over children's development, it is important to identify the behaviours that could potentially lead to anti social behaviours in children. It is a relatively short term therapy which involves the family members who are willing to participate. Family therapy can be used to address specific topics such as aggression.

There is no official diagnosis for anti social behaviour. However, we can have a look at the official diagnosis for antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and use it as guideline while keeping in mind that anti social behaviour and ASPD are not to be confused.

When looking at non ASPD patients (who show anti social behaviour) and ASPD patients, it all comes down to the same types of behaviours. However, ASPD is a personality disorder which is defined by the consistency and stability of the observed behaviour, in this case, anti social behaviour. Antisocial personality disorder can only be diagnosed when a pattern of anti social behaviour began being noticeable during childhood and/or early teens and remained stable and consistent across time and context. In the official DSM IV TR for ASPD, it is specified that the anti social behaviour has to occur outside of time frames surrounding traumatic life events or manic episodes (if the individual is diagnosed with another mental disorder). The diagnosis for ASPD cannot be done before the age of 18. For example, someone who exhibits anti social behaviour with their family but pro social behaviour with friends and coworkers would not qualify for ASPD because the behaviour is not consistent across context. Someone who was consistently behaving in a pro social way and then begins exhibiting anti social behaviour in response to a specific life event would not qualify for ASPD either because the behaviour is not stable across time. Law breaking behaviour in which the individuals are putting themselves or others at risk is considered anti social even if it is not consistent or stable (examples: speeding, use of drugs, getting in physical conflict). In relation to the previous statement, juvenile delinquency is a core element to the diagnosis of ASPD. The term impulsivity is commonly used to describe this behavioural pattern. Anti social behaviour can also be detected if the aggressiveness and impulsiveness of the individual's behaviour in response to frustrations is so that it causes obstruction to social interactions and achievement of personal goals. In both of these cases, we can consider the different types of treatment and therapy previously mentioned in this article. Early intervention of anti social behaviour is relatively more effective since the anti social pattern lasts for a shorter period of time. Moreover, since younger children would have smaller social networks and less social activities, fewer contexts need to be considered for the intervention and treatment. The prognosis seems to not be influenced by the duration of intervention, however; a long term follow up is necessary to confirm that the intervention or treatment is effective. This could make the prognosis worse since he or she would less likely be involved in social activities and would become more isolated.

An anti social behaviour order (ASBO) is a civil order made against a person who has been shown, on the balance of evidence, to have engaged in anti social behaviour. The orders, introduced in the United Kingdom by Prime Minister Tony Blair in 1998, were designed to criminalize minor incidents that would not have warranted prosecution before. The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 defines anti social behaviour as acting in a manner that has "caused or was likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress to one or more persons not of the same household" as the perpetrator. There has been debate concerning the vagueness of this definition. Current legislation governing anti social behaviour in the UK is the Anti Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014 which received Royal Assent in March 2014 and came into enforcement in October 2014. This replaces tools such as the ASBO with 6 streamlined tools designed to make it easier to act on anti social behaviour.

Anti social behaviour can have a negative effect and impact on Australian communities and their perception of safety. The Western Australia Police force define anti social behaviour as any behaviour that annoys, irritates, disturbs or interferes with a person's ability to go about their lawful business. In Australia, many different acts are classed as anti social behaviour, such as: misuse of public space; disregard for community safety; disregard for personal well being; acts directed at people; graffiti; protests; liquor offences; and drunk driving. It has been found that it is very common for Australian adolescents to engage in different levels of anti social behaviour. A survey was conducted in 1996 in New South Wales, Australia, of 441, 234 secondary school students in years 7 to 12 about their involvement in anti social activities. 38.6% reported intentionally damaging or destroying someone else's property, 22.8% admitted to having received or selling stolen goods and close to 40% confessed to attacking someone with the idea of hurting them. The Australian community are encouraged to report any behaviour of concern and play a vital role assisting police in reducing anti social behaviour. One study conducted in 2016 established how perpetrators of anti social behaviour may not actually intend to cause offense. The study examined anti social behaviours (or microaggressions) within the LGBTIQ community on a university campus. The study established how many members felt that other people would often commit anti social behaviours, however there was no explicit suggestion of any maliciousness behind these acts. Rather, it was just that the offenders were naive to the impact of their behaviour. The Western Australia Police force uses a three step strategy to deal with anti social behaviour. Prevention – This action uses community engagement, intelligence, training and development and the targeting of hotspots, attempting to prevent unacceptable behaviour from occurring. Response – A timely and effective response to anti social behaviour is vital. Police provide ownership, leadership and coordination to apprehend offenders. Resolution – Identifying the underlying issues that cause anti social behaviour and resolve these issues with the help of the community. Offenders are successfully prosecuted.

The 1970's, brought attention to a social and historical phenomenon called hikikomori. Often called the lost generation, with pervasive and severe social withdrawal and anti social tendencies. Individuals with hikikomori, are commonly in their 20's or 30's, avoiding as much social interaction as possible. Japanese psychologist and leading expert on the topic, Tamaki Saito, was one of the first to present that approximately 1% of the country's population was considered hikikomori at the time.