Китайские заимствования в европейских языках

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Words of Chinese origin have entered European languages, including English. Most of these were direct loanwords from various varieties of Chinese. However, Chinese words have also entered indirectly via other languages, particularly Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese, that have all used Chinese characters at some point and contain a large number of Chinese loanwords.

English Direct originWord TransliterationDetails Bok choy Cantonese c=白菜 j=baak6 coi3 A Chinese cabbage: lit. 'white vegetable' Brainwash Semantic borrowing c=洗腦 p=xǐnǎo A calque of Chinese c=洗腦, consisting of the characters c=洗 and c=腦. A term first used by the People's Volunteer Army during the Korean War, then picked up by the American media. It may refer to a forcible indoctrination to induce someone to give up basic political, social, or religious beliefs and attitudes and to accept contrasting regimented ideas; or persuasion by propaganda or salesmanship. The term "brainwashing" came into the mainstream English language after Western media sources first utilized the term to describe the attitudes of POWs returning from the Korean War. Cha Cantonese c=茶 j=cha4 tea, see 'tea' below Char siu Cantonese c=叉燒 j=cha1 siu1 lit. fork roasted Cheongsam Cantonese c=長衫（旗袍） j=cheung4 saam1 lit. 'long clothes', popularly used during the 19th and early 20th centuries Ch'i, qi Mandarin c=氣 p=qì Energy of an object or person, lit. 'air', 'spirit'. Chin chin, chin chin Mandarin c=請 p=qǐng lit. 'please', 'invite', an exclamation used to express good wishes before drinking—cf. Mandarin c=乾杯, Sino Japanese While occasionally used in American English, chin chin is an informal and outdated British English usage, for instance, the TV sitcom As Time Goes By. China Mandarin c=秦 or c=晉 p=qín Via Latin Sina, Persian چین , and Sanskrit चीन ; ultimately either from the name of the c=秦 or c=晉 state Chop chop Cantonese c=速速 j=chuk1 chuk1 lit. 'hurry', 'urgent' Keemun Cantonese c=祁門 j=kei4 mun4 tea from Qimen Ketchup Hokkien (Amoy) c=茄汁 In the 17th century, the Chinese mixed a concoction of pickled fish and spices, called poj=kôe chiap or poj=kê chiap in the Amoy dialect, whose meaning refers to(c=鮭汁) the brine of pickled fish or shellfish (c=鮭, c=汁). By the early 18th century, the sauce had made it to the Malay peninsula, where it was later discovered by English explorers. That word then gradually evolved into the English word "ketchup", and was taken to the American colonies by English settlers. Koan Sino Japanese 公案 cf. Mandarin c=公案 Kowtow Cantonese c=叩頭 j=kau3 tau4 'knock head' Kumquat, cumquat Cantonese c=柑橘 j=gam1 gwat1 'tangerine' Kung fu Cantonese c=功夫 j=gung1 fu1 lit. 'efforts', used in English to collectively describe Chinese martial arts Lo mein Cantonese c=撈麵 j=lou1 min6 'scooped noodle' Longan Cantonese c=龍眼 j=lung4 ngaan5 lit. 'dragon's eye' Long time no see Semantic borrowing from Mandarin though also possibly a calque of Mandarin c=不能做. Nunchuk Hokkien (Taiwan, Fujian) c=雙節棍, c=兩節棍 poj=nng chat kun Via Okinawan Japanese, lit. 'double jointed sticks' Oolong Hokkien (Amoy) c=烏龍 poj=oo liong 'dark dragon' Pai gow Cantonese c=排九 j=paai4 gau2 Paper tigerSemantic borrowingc=纸老虎p=zhǐlǎohǔCalque of an idiom referring to something or someone whose claims or appearances of threat or power are paper thin, actually being ineffectual and unable to withstand challenge. Became well known internationally by its use by Mao Zedong to refer to his against his political opponents, particularly the American government. Pekin Cantonese c=北京 j=bak1 ging1 From an older romanization of the Cantonese reading of BeijingPidginMandarinc=皮钦语p=píqīnyǔ Pinyin Mandarin c=拼音 p=pīnyīn 'put together sounds', 'spelled out sounds' Pekoe Hokkien (Amoy) c=白毫 poj=pe̍khô 'white downy hair' Pongee Cantonese c=本機 lit. 'our own loom', 'homespun', a kind of thin silk Pu'er, puerh Mandarin c=普洱 p=pǔ'ěr Named after a city Qipao Mandarin c=旗袍 p=qípáo Ramen Sino Japanese 拉麵 cf. Mandarin p=lāmiàn Rickshaw Sino Japanese 人力車 p=rénlìchē Japanese neologism, (c. 1887) composed of semantic elements c=人, c=力 and c=車. Sampan Cantonese c=舢舨 j=saan1 baan2 Shanghai Mandarin c=上海 p=Shànghǎi The city name, used in English as a verb meaning 'to put someone aboard a ship by trickery or intoxication', or generally 'to put someone in a bad situation by trickery'. From an old practice of deceitful acquiring sailors for voyages to Shanghai Shantung Mandarin c=山東 p=Shāndōng The Wade Giles romanization of the province's name, used in English to refer to a wild silk fabric, usually undyed. Shaolin Mandarin c=少林 p=shàolín Shar pei Cantonese c=沙皮 j=sa1 pei4 'sand skin' Shih tzu Taiwanese Mandarin c=獅子狗 w=shih tzu3 kou3 lit. 'lion child dog', Chinese lion Shogun Sino Japanese c=將軍 lit. 'military general', the full Japanese title was 征夷大将軍 Siu mai Cantonese c=燒賣 j=siu1 maai2 pork dumplings, lit. 'to cook and sell' Sifu Cantonese c=師傅 j=si1 fu2 'master' Souchong Cantonese c=小種茶 j=siu2 jung2 cha4 'small kind of tea Soy Sino Japanese 醬油 cf. Mandarin Struggle sessionSemantic calque from Mandarinc=批斗大会p=pīdòudàhuìAccording to Lin Yutang, the expression comes from c=批判 and c=鬥爭, so the whole expression conveys the message of 'inciting spirited judgment and fighting'. It was often shortened to c=批鬥. [citation needed]
The term refers to a phenomenon especially prevalent during the Cultural Revolution, where public sessions were ostensibly held for the benefit the target, intending to eliminate counterrevolutionary, reactionary thinking. [citation needed] Tai chi Mandarin 太極 p=tàijí From the Wade Giles romanization of taijiquan (i. e., "tai chi chüan"), meaning 'great ultimate boxing' Tai pan Cantonese c=大班 j=daai6 baan1 equivalent to "big shot" Tangram Compound word c=唐 tang from Tang + English gram Tao, Dao Mandarin c=道 p=dào 'way', path' Tea Hokkien c=茶 poj=tê In most European languages, where the word resembles te, tea generally originated in the Amoy port. The other common word for tea worldwide, usually in places where tea generally came via the Silk Road, derives from the Mandarin pronunciation with the same Old Chinese etymology. Tofu Sino Japanese 豆腐 cf. Mandarin p=dòufu Tong Cantonese c=堂 j=tong4 Tung oil Cantonese c=桐油 j=tung4 yau4 Tycoon Sino Japanese c=大君 'great nobleman' Typhoon Hokkien (Taiwanese), Cantonese, or Mandarin c=颱風 poj=thai hong lit. 'wind coming from Taiwan', usually poj=hong thai in contemperary Taiwanese, cf. Cantonese j=toi4 fung1 Wok Cantonese c=鑊 j=wok6 Wonton Cantonese c=雲吞 j=wan4 tan1 homophone in Cantonese with the original c=餛飩, cf. Mandarin p=húntún, lit. 'cloud swallow', describing its shape Wushu Mandarin c=武術 p=wǔshù Wuxia Mandarin c=武俠 p=wǔxiá Yamen Mandarin c=衙門 p=yámén 'court' Yen Cantonese c=癮 j=yan5 Craving, usually in reference to opium addition, lit. 'addiction' Yen Sino Japanese 圓 cf. Mandarin p=yuán, lit. 'round', 'name of currency unit' Yin yang Mandarin c=陰陽 p=yīnyáng p=Yin meaning 'feminine', 'dark' and p=yang meaning 'masculine', 'bright'YuanfenMandarin, Vietnamese c=緣分lit. 'fateful coincidence'—similar conceptually to karma, but interactive instead of individualized, predestination without divine implications Zen Sino Japanese 禪 cf. Mandarin p=chán, originally from Sanskrit ध्यान , Pali झन .