Крейсера типа «Бруклин»: История и Модернизации

1937 class of light cruisers of the United States Navy

The Brooklyn class cruiser was a class of nine light cruisers built for the United States Navy between 1935 and 1938. Armed with five triple gun turrets (three forward, two aft), they mounted more main battery guns than any other standard US cruiser. The Brooklyn class ships were all commissioned between 1937 and 1939, in the time between the start of the Second Sino Japanese War and before the invasion of Poland. They served extensively in both the Pacific and Atlantic theaters during World War II. Helena was sunk in the Pacific, and while some of the others were heavily damaged, the remaining ships of the class were decommissioned shortly after the end of the war. Six were transferred to South American navies in 1951, where they served for many more years. One of these, ARA General Belgrano, formerly Phoenix, was sunk during the Falklands War in 1982. The Brooklyn class ships had a strong influence on US cruiser design. Nearly all subsequent US cruisers, heavy and light, were directly or indirectly based on them. The desire for the Brooklyns arose from the London Naval Treaty of 1930, which limited the construction of heavy cruisers, i. e., ships carrying guns with calibers between Great Britain needed trade control cruisers and hoped that the treaty would limit nations to smaller cruisers with a range that she could afford. Agreement to the London Treaty and the proceeding with the American light cruiser design can be focused to Admiral William V. Pratt, who overrode the vehement objections of the General Board. Under the treaty the US was allowed for 18 heavy cruisers and , with no limit on the number of ships, for light cruisers. The United States needed large cruisers to deal with the extreme ranges that operations in the Pacific Ocean required. Cruisers with guns and were therefore desired. The US Navy's experience with the was not all that could be hoped for. The light hull design caused a stressed hull and was very overweight. Design started in 1930, with the first four of the class ordered in 1933, and an additional three ships in 1934. Basic criteria had been that speed and range should match heavy cruisers, and when the Japanese carrying fifteen 6 inch main guns appeared, the new US ships would match their weaponry. Various combinations of armor and power plants were tried in the efforts to stay below the Treaty 10,000 ton limit. Aviation facilities were moved to the stern of the ship from the amidships position of the New Orleans class cruisers. From 1942, the bridge structure was lowered and radar was fitted.

The last two ships of the class, St. Louis and Helena, were slightly modified versions of the design with new higher pressure boilers and a unit system of machinery that alternated boiler and engine rooms to prevent a ship from being immobilized by a single unlucky hit; this system would be used in all subsequent US cruisers. Additionally, AA armament was improved. They were the first US cruisers to be armed with twin 5 inch (127 mm)/38 caliber guns. They could be distinguished visually from the other Brooklyns by the placement of the after deckhouse, immediately abaft the second funnel, and by the twin 5 inch mounts.

The Brooklyn class was equipped with 15 6 inch/47 caliber Mark 16 naval guns, developed from the 6 inch/53 caliber Mark 8 used on the Omaha class cruiser. The decision was reached as the gun could achieve up to ten rounds per minute rate of fire. This gave the class the ability to send up to 150 rounds a minute at its intended target. This allowed the cruiser to smother an enemy ship with fire. The turret arrangement was five turrets, each mounting three guns on a single sleeve, which did not allow the guns in a turret to move independently. The 6 inch guns were of a new design, the Mark 16, which could fire a armor piercing shell (AP) up to with twice the penetrative power of the old gun. The ammunition was of the semi fixed type. The impact of the shell changed the General Board's view on the usefulness of light cruisers in service. As designed, the anti aircraft weaponry specified eight /25 caliber guns and eight caliber M2 Browning machine guns. The intention to mount /75 caliber anti aircraft guns was frustrated and the requirement was not fully met until 1943. The weapon as deployed was less than satisfactory with frequent jamming and weight being serious issues. Some of the class had 5 in/38 caliber guns installed versus the 5 in/25 guns. There were varied mixes of Oerlikon cannons and Bofors gun mountings actually installed during World War II, 28 40 mm (4 × 4, 6 × 2) and twenty 20 mm (10 × 2) being the most common.

The vast majority of cruisers built by the United States during World War II derive from the Brooklyn design. The Brooklyn class would lead to the Cleveland class light cruiser (less a fifth triple 6 inch turret), which then led to the and finally the The other successor was Wichita, built on a modified Brooklyn class hull, with a heavy cruiser armament featuring three rather than five triple turrets, but each turret containing larger 8 inch guns, and increased armor. Wichita was succeeded by the Baltimore class and the later class, and finally the upgraded The Atlanta class would be succeeded by the and then almost by the cancelled As the Baltimore class began building about a year after the Cleveland class, later Cleveland developments and improvements were incorporated into the Baltimore class hull. Finally, both Cleveland and Baltimore hulls were converted to light aircraft carriers. The of light aircraft carriers, were converted from Cleveland class cruisers under construction, and the light carriers used the basic form of the Baltimore class cruiser design.

All ships of the class went into reserve in 1946 47. Six were sold to South American countries in the early 1950s, and served for many more years: Brooklyn and Nashville to Chile, St. Louis and Philadelphia to Brazil, and Boise and Phoenix to Argentina. Savannah and Honolulu remained in reserve until struck in 1959. ARA General Belgrano (ex Phoenix) was torpedoed and sunk by during the Falklands War, while Chilean cruiser O'Higgins (ex Brooklyn) remained in service with the Chilean Navy until 1992. She sank under tow, on her way to the scrappers, in the mid Pacific in 1992.