Альтбир: История, производство и региональные особенности

Style of beer

Altbier (, German for old beer) is a style of beer brewed in the Rhineland, especially around the city of Düsseldorf, Germany. It is a copper coloured beer whose name comes from it being top fermented, an older method than the bottom fermentation of lagers.

Altbier is usually a dark, copper colour. It is fermented at a moderate temperature using a top fermenting yeast—which gives its flavour some fruitiness. Because Altbier is then matured at a cooler temperature, its flavour is more akin to lager beer styles than is the norm for top fermented beers (such as British pale ale).

The first producer to use the name Altbier—to contrast its top fermenting beer with the bottom fermenting kinds—was the Schumacher brewery of Düsseldorf, that opened in 1838. Mass market brewers of Altbier include Diebels and the Radeberger Gruppe under the brands Schlösser Alt and Hansa Alt. These are complemented by small breweries in Düsseldorf and other nearby cities. Some Altbier breweries have a tradition of producing a stronger version, called sticke alt, coming from a local dialect word meaning "secret". Originally made as a special reserve beer intended for the brewers' own consumption, today it is generally a seasonal or special occasion brew. There exists a regional rivalry between the drinkers of Altbier in the Düsseldorf area and the drinkers of Kölsch beer in the Cologne (Köln) area.

A beer variety strongly associated with the Lower Rhine region, Altbier is especially found in the towns of Düsseldorf, Krefeld, and Mönchengladbach. Although it remains popular in those towns, its market share elsewhere has been falling, and across the North Rhine Westphalia region has dropped to below 5%. Elsewhere in Germany, very little Alt is sold.

Altbier brewed outside Düsseldorf includes that produced by the Diebels brewery in Issum, the Gleumes brewery in Krefeld, the Bolten brewery in Korschenbroich, the Warsteiner brewery in Warstein (that owns the brand "Frankenheim Alt", originally brewed in Düsseldorf), and the Fiege brewery in Bochum. Altbier is somewhat similar to Cologne's native beer style Kölsch, being warm fermented at a lower temperature than British ales, and Altbier proper is also brewed as "Ehrenfelder Alt", in Cologne's smallest brewery "Braustelle". Pinkus Müller brewery in Münster produces an Altbier which is quite different to the Düsseldorf style, being pale and slightly tart.

Altbier has been produced in the city of Venlo in the Netherlands since at least 1753. Venlo is on the border to Germany approximately 50 km (30 miles) from Düsseldorf. The beer was produced up until the Second World War, but then had a hiatus until its revival in 1983. It is produced by the Lindeboom brewery, who bought the recipe in 2001. Altbier is brewed in small quantities in Austria, Switzerland, Hungary, Liechtenstein, the UK, the United States, Canada, Australia by Tooheys in Sydney New South Wales, New Zealand, Japan, South Africa, Norway, Brazil and Australia. Versions of altbier are brewed in the United States, though not always to traditional recipes.