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Содержание
Введение
Грамматическая конструкция, сочетающая прошедшее время с незавершенным видом.
Grammatical construct combining past tense with continuing aspect
Несовершенное время (сокращенно) – это глагольная форма, сочетающая в себе прошедшее время (указание на время в прошлом) и незавершенный вид (указание на продолжающееся или повторяющееся событие или состояние). Оно может иметь значения, схожие с английскими "was walking" или "used to walk". Оно противопоставляется формам претерита, которые указывают на единичное завершенное событие в прошлом. Традиционно, несовершенное время в языках, таких как латынь и французский, рассматривается как одно из времен, хотя на самом деле оно кодирует информацию о виде в дополнение к времени (указанию на время). Более точно его можно назвать прошедшим незавершенным. В английском языке нет общего несовершенного вида, и он выражается различными способами. Термин "несовершенное" в английском языке относится к формам, которые чаще называют прошедшим длительным или прошедшим непрерывным (например, "was doing" или "were doing"). Это комбинации прошедшего времени с конкретным длительным или прогрессивным видом. В немецком языке Imperfekt ранее обозначало простое прошедшее время (в отличие от Perfekt или сложного прошедшего времени), но теперь предпочтительнее термин Präteritum (претерит), поскольку эта форма не подразумевает незавершенный вид. Слово "несовершенное" происходит от латинского imperfectus – "незавершенный", поскольку несовершенное время выражает продолжающееся, незавершенное действие. Соответствующий древнегреческий термин – "продолженное".
The imperfect (abbreviated ) is a verb form that combines past tense (reference to a past time) and imperfective aspect (reference to a continuing or repeated event or state). It can have meanings similar to the English "was walking" or "used to walk". It contrasts with preterite forms, which refer to a single completed event in the past. Traditionally, the imperfect of languages such as Latin and French is referred to as one of the tenses, although it actually encodes aspectual information in addition to tense (time reference). It may be more precisely called past imperfective. English has no general imperfective and expresses it in different ways. The term "imperfect" in English refers to forms much more commonly called past progressive or past continuous (e. g. "was doing" or "were doing"). These are combinations of past tense with specifically continuous or progressive aspect. In German, Imperfekt formerly referred to the simply conjugated past tense (to contrast with the Perfekt or compound past form), but the term Präteritum (preterite) is now preferred, since the form does not carry any implication of imperfective aspect. "Imperfect" comes from the Latin imperfectus "unfinished", because the imperfect expresses an ongoing, uncompleted action. The equivalent Ancient Greek term was "prolonged".
Германские языки
У баварского диалекта нет Imperfect.
Bavarian does not have Imperfect.
Английский
Неопределённые значения в английском языке выражаются по-разному в зависимости от того, является ли действие длительным или привычным. Для обозначения длительного действия (действия, происходившего в определённый момент в прошлом) используется Past Progressive (Past Continuous), например: "I was eating" – "Я ел"; "They were running fast" – "Они быстро бежали". Однако некоторые глаголы, выражающие состояние, а не действие, не употребляются в прогрессивной форме (см. ); в таких случаях используется простое прошедшее время: "He was hungry" – "Он был голоден"; "We knew what to do next" – "Мы знали, что делать дальше". Привычные (повторяющиеся) действия в прошлом могут выражаться конструкцией "used to", например: "I used to eat a lot" – "Я раньше много ел", или вспомогательным глаголом "would", например: "Back then, I would eat early and would walk to school" – "Тогда я рано завтракал и ходил в школу пешком". (Вспомогательный глагол "would" также имеет другие функции, например, выражение условного наклонения.) Однако во многих случаях привычность действия не требует специального выделения, и используется простое прошедшее время: "We always ate dinner at six o'clock" – "Мы всегда ужинали в шесть часов".
Imperfect meanings in English are expressed in different ways depending on whether the event is continuous or habitual. For a continuous action (one that was in progress at a particular time in the past), the past progressive (past continuous) form is used, as in "I was eating"; "They were running fast." However certain verbs that express state rather than action do not mark the progressive aspect (see ); in these cases the simple past tense is used instead: "He was hungry"; "We knew what to do next." Habitual (repeated) action in the past can be marked by used to, as in "I used to eat a lot", or by the auxiliary verb would, as in "Back then, I would eat early and would walk to school." (The auxiliary would also has other uses, such as expressing conditional mood.) However, in many cases the habitual nature of the action does not need to be explicitly marked on the verb, and the simple past is used: "We always ate dinner at six o'clock."
Индийский
Хинди, индоарийский язык, имеет индикативное несовершенное спряжение только для глагола होना (honā) [быть], а остальные глаголы не имеют этого спряжения. Индикативные несовершенные формы होना (honā) происходят от санскритского स्थित (stʰita) "стоящий, находящийся", которые восходят к праиндоевропейскому корню *steh₂ (“стоять”). Несовершенное спряжение образовано от причастной формы и поэтому согласуется только по числу и роду грамматического лица, а не с самим местоимением. Таким образом, грамматически единственные местоимения (например, मैं ma͠i "я" и तू tū "ты" и т. д.) получают единственные несовершенные формы (т. е. था thā или थी thī) в зависимости от рода лица или существительного, к которому они относятся, а грамматически множественные местоимения (например, हम ham "мы" и т. д.) получают множественные несовершенные формы (थे thē и थीं thīm̊). Исключением является местоимение तुम (tum), которое принимает множественную несовершенную форму (थे thē) в мужском роде, но единственную форму (थी thī) в женском роде. Эти несовершенные спряжения также выступают в роли связки для образования несовершенных прошедших форм для трех грамматических аспектов, существующих в хинди: привычного, совершённого и прогрессивного.
Hindi, an Indo Aryan language, has indicative imperfect tense conjugation only for the verb होना (honā) [to be] and the rest of the verbs lack this conjugation. The indicative imperfect forms of होना (honā) comes from Sanskrit स्थित (stʰita) "standing, situated" which are derived from the PIE root *steh₂ (“to stand”). The imperfect conjugation is derived from a participle form and hence its conjugations agree only with the number and gender of the grammatical person and not the pronoun itself. So, the grammatically singular pronouns (e. g., मैं ma͠i "I" and तू tū "you" etc.) are assigned the singular imperfect forms (i. e. था thā or थी thī) depending on the gender of the person or the noun they refer to, and the grammatically plural pronouns (e. g. हम ham "we" etc.) are assigned the plural imperfect forms (थे thē and थीं thīm̊). An exception to this is the pronoun तुम (tum) which takes in the plural imperfect form (थे thē) in masculine gender but singular form (थी thī) in feminine gender. These imperfect conjugations also act as copula to form the imperfect past forms for the three grammatical aspects that Hindi hasː Habitual, Perfective, and Progressive aspects. + Imperfect Past CopulaGenderSingularPlural♂thāthē♀thīthīm̊+ Imperfect Past ConjugationsAspectSingularPluralTranslation(3rd person only)1P2P3P2P1P3Pma͠itūye/votumāphamye/vo Simple♂thāthēhe was♀thīthīm̊she was Habitual♂boltā thāboltē thēhe used to speak♀boltī thīboltī thīm̊she used to speak Progressive♂bol rahā thābol rahē thēhe was speaking♀bol rahī thībol rahī thīm̊she was speakingNoteː The 2P pronouns 'āp' & 'tum' although grammatically plural but are used as singular pronouns, akin to English pronoun 'you'.
+ Несовершенное прошедшее время. Связка
Hindi, an Indo Aryan language, has indicative imperfect tense conjugation only for the verb होना (honā) [to be] and the rest of the verbs lack this conjugation. The indicative imperfect forms of होना (honā) comes from Sanskrit स्थित (stʰita) "standing, situated" which are derived from the PIE root *steh₂ (“to stand”). The imperfect conjugation is derived from a participle form and hence its conjugations agree only with the number and gender of the grammatical person and not the pronoun itself. So, the grammatically singular pronouns (e. g., मैं ma͠i "I" and तू tū "you" etc.) are assigned the singular imperfect forms (i. e. था thā or थी thī) depending on the gender of the person or the noun they refer to, and the grammatically plural pronouns (e. g. हम ham "we" etc.) are assigned the plural imperfect forms (थे thē and थीं thīm̊). An exception to this is the pronoun तुम (tum) which takes in the plural imperfect form (थे thē) in masculine gender but singular form (थी thī) in feminine gender. These imperfect conjugations also act as copula to form the imperfect past forms for the three grammatical aspects that Hindi hasː Habitual, Perfective, and Progressive aspects. + Imperfect Past CopulaGenderSingularPlural♂thāthē♀thīthīm̊+ Imperfect Past ConjugationsAspectSingularPluralTranslation(3rd person only)1P2P3P2P1P3Pma͠itūye/votumāphamye/vo Simple♂thāthēhe was♀thīthīm̊she was Habitual♂boltā thāboltē thēhe used to speak♀boltī thīboltī thīm̊she used to speak Progressive♂bol rahā thābol rahē thēhe was speaking♀bol rahī thībol rahī thīm̊she was speakingNoteː The 2P pronouns 'āp' & 'tum' although grammatically plural but are used as singular pronouns, akin to English pronoun 'you'.
| Пол | Единственное число | Множественное число |
|---|---|---|
| ♂ | था thā | थे thē |
| ♀ | थी thī | थीं thīm̊ |
Hindi, an Indo Aryan language, has indicative imperfect tense conjugation only for the verb होना (honā) [to be] and the rest of the verbs lack this conjugation. The indicative imperfect forms of होना (honā) comes from Sanskrit स्थित (stʰita) "standing, situated" which are derived from the PIE root *steh₂ (“to stand”). The imperfect conjugation is derived from a participle form and hence its conjugations agree only with the number and gender of the grammatical person and not the pronoun itself. So, the grammatically singular pronouns (e. g., मैं ma͠i "I" and तू tū "you" etc.) are assigned the singular imperfect forms (i. e. था thā or थी thī) depending on the gender of the person or the noun they refer to, and the grammatically plural pronouns (e. g. हम ham "we" etc.) are assigned the plural imperfect forms (थे thē and थीं thīm̊). An exception to this is the pronoun तुम (tum) which takes in the plural imperfect form (थे thē) in masculine gender but singular form (थी thī) in feminine gender. These imperfect conjugations also act as copula to form the imperfect past forms for the three grammatical aspects that Hindi hasː Habitual, Perfective, and Progressive aspects. + Imperfect Past CopulaGenderSingularPlural♂thāthē♀thīthīm̊+ Imperfect Past ConjugationsAspectSingularPluralTranslation(3rd person only)1P2P3P2P1P3Pma͠itūye/votumāphamye/vo Simple♂thāthēhe was♀thīthīm̊she was Habitual♂boltā thāboltē thēhe used to speak♀boltī thīboltī thīm̊she used to speak Progressive♂bol rahā thābol rahē thēhe was speaking♀bol rahī thībol rahī thīm̊she was speakingNoteː The 2P pronouns 'āp' & 'tum' although grammatically plural but are used as singular pronouns, akin to English pronoun 'you'.
+ Несовершенное прошедшее время. Спряжение
Hindi, an Indo Aryan language, has indicative imperfect tense conjugation only for the verb होना (honā) [to be] and the rest of the verbs lack this conjugation. The indicative imperfect forms of होना (honā) comes from Sanskrit स्थित (stʰita) "standing, situated" which are derived from the PIE root *steh₂ (“to stand”). The imperfect conjugation is derived from a participle form and hence its conjugations agree only with the number and gender of the grammatical person and not the pronoun itself. So, the grammatically singular pronouns (e. g., मैं ma͠i "I" and तू tū "you" etc.) are assigned the singular imperfect forms (i. e. था thā or थी thī) depending on the gender of the person or the noun they refer to, and the grammatically plural pronouns (e. g. हम ham "we" etc.) are assigned the plural imperfect forms (थे thē and थीं thīm̊). An exception to this is the pronoun तुम (tum) which takes in the plural imperfect form (थे thē) in masculine gender but singular form (थी thī) in feminine gender. These imperfect conjugations also act as copula to form the imperfect past forms for the three grammatical aspects that Hindi hasː Habitual, Perfective, and Progressive aspects. + Imperfect Past CopulaGenderSingularPlural♂thāthē♀thīthīm̊+ Imperfect Past ConjugationsAspectSingularPluralTranslation(3rd person only)1P2P3P2P1P3Pma͠itūye/votumāphamye/vo Simple♂thāthēhe was♀thīthīm̊she was Habitual♂boltā thāboltē thēhe used to speak♀boltī thīboltī thīm̊she used to speak Progressive♂bol rahā thābol rahē thēhe was speaking♀bol rahī thībol rahī thīm̊she was speakingNoteː The 2P pronouns 'āp' & 'tum' although grammatically plural but are used as singular pronouns, akin to English pronoun 'you'.
| Аспект | Единственное число | Множественное число | Перевод (3-е лицо) |
|---|---|---|---|
| | 1P | 2P | 3P | 2P | 1P | 3P |
| Простой | | | | | | |
| ♂ | | | था thā | | | थे thē | он был |
| ♀ | | | थी thī | | | थीं thīm̊ | она была |
| Привычный | | | | | | |
| ♂ | बोलता था boltā thā | | | | बोलता था boltā thā | | он говорил (обычно) |
| ♀ | बोलती थी boltī thī | | | | बोलती थी boltī thī | | она говорила (обычно) |
| Прогрессивный | | | | | | |
| ♂ | बोल रहा था bol rahā thā | | | | बोल रहे थे bol rahē thē | | он говорил (в данный момент) |
| ♀ | बोल रही थी bol rahī thī | | | | बोल रही थीं bol rahī thīm̊ | | она говорила (в данный момент) |
Hindi, an Indo Aryan language, has indicative imperfect tense conjugation only for the verb होना (honā) [to be] and the rest of the verbs lack this conjugation. The indicative imperfect forms of होना (honā) comes from Sanskrit स्थित (stʰita) "standing, situated" which are derived from the PIE root *steh₂ (“to stand”). The imperfect conjugation is derived from a participle form and hence its conjugations agree only with the number and gender of the grammatical person and not the pronoun itself. So, the grammatically singular pronouns (e. g., मैं ma͠i "I" and तू tū "you" etc.) are assigned the singular imperfect forms (i. e. था thā or थी thī) depending on the gender of the person or the noun they refer to, and the grammatically plural pronouns (e. g. हम ham "we" etc.) are assigned the plural imperfect forms (थे thē and थीं thīm̊). An exception to this is the pronoun तुम (tum) which takes in the plural imperfect form (थे thē) in masculine gender but singular form (थी thī) in feminine gender. These imperfect conjugations also act as copula to form the imperfect past forms for the three grammatical aspects that Hindi hasː Habitual, Perfective, and Progressive aspects. + Imperfect Past CopulaGenderSingularPlural♂thāthē♀thīthīm̊+ Imperfect Past ConjugationsAspectSingularPluralTranslation(3rd person only)1P2P3P2P1P3Pma͠itūye/votumāphamye/vo Simple♂thāthēhe was♀thīthīm̊she was Habitual♂boltā thāboltē thēhe used to speak♀boltī thīboltī thīm̊she used to speak Progressive♂bol rahā thābol rahē thēhe was speaking♀bol rahī thībol rahī thīm̊she was speakingNoteː The 2P pronouns 'āp' & 'tum' although grammatically plural but are used as singular pronouns, akin to English pronoun 'you'.
Примечание: Местоимения 'āp' и 'tum', хотя и грамматически множественные, используются как местоимения в единственном числе, подобно английскому местоимению 'you'.
Hindi, an Indo Aryan language, has indicative imperfect tense conjugation only for the verb होना (honā) [to be] and the rest of the verbs lack this conjugation. The indicative imperfect forms of होना (honā) comes from Sanskrit स्थित (stʰita) "standing, situated" which are derived from the PIE root *steh₂ (“to stand”). The imperfect conjugation is derived from a participle form and hence its conjugations agree only with the number and gender of the grammatical person and not the pronoun itself. So, the grammatically singular pronouns (e. g., मैं ma͠i "I" and तू tū "you" etc.) are assigned the singular imperfect forms (i. e. था thā or थी thī) depending on the gender of the person or the noun they refer to, and the grammatically plural pronouns (e. g. हम ham "we" etc.) are assigned the plural imperfect forms (थे thē and थीं thīm̊). An exception to this is the pronoun तुम (tum) which takes in the plural imperfect form (थे thē) in masculine gender but singular form (थी thī) in feminine gender. These imperfect conjugations also act as copula to form the imperfect past forms for the three grammatical aspects that Hindi hasː Habitual, Perfective, and Progressive aspects. + Imperfect Past CopulaGenderSingularPlural♂thāthē♀thīthīm̊+ Imperfect Past ConjugationsAspectSingularPluralTranslation(3rd person only)1P2P3P2P1P3Pma͠itūye/votumāphamye/vo Simple♂thāthēhe was♀thīthīm̊she was Habitual♂boltā thāboltē thēhe used to speak♀boltī thīboltī thīm̊she used to speak Progressive♂bol rahā thābol rahē thēhe was speaking♀bol rahī thībol rahī thīm̊she was speakingNoteː The 2P pronouns 'āp' & 'tum' although grammatically plural but are used as singular pronouns, akin to English pronoun 'you'.
Персидский
Как и все другие прошедшие времена, несовершенное время спрягается регулярно для всех глаголов. Образование: [преверб] + ми + основа прошедшего времени + окончание прошедшего времени. Спряжение несовершенного изъявительного наклонения в первом лице единственного числа показано в таблице ниже:
Like all other past tenses, imperfect is conjugated regularly for all verbs. Formation: [preverb] + mi + past stem + past ending. Conjugation of the imperfect indicative for the first person singular is shown in the table belowː
raftan (идти) kâr kardan (работать)
1-е л. ед.ч. miraftam kâr mikardam
2-е л. ед.ч. mirafti kâr mikardi
3-е л. ед.ч. miraft kâr mikard
1-е л. мн.ч. miraftim kâr mikardim
2-е л. мн.ч. miraftid kâr mikardid
3-е л. мн.ч. miraftand kâr mikardand
Большинство славянских языков утратили аористом, но он сохранился в болгарском и македонском языках. Он также официально сохраняется в сербском и хорватском языках, но считается устаревшим и используется преимущественно в литературе в поэтических и стилистических целях.
Most Slavic languages have lost the imperfect but it is preserved in Bulgarian and Macedonian. It is also officially retained in Serbian and Croatian but is considered old fashioned and restricted to literature for poetic and stylistic reasons.
Семитские языки
Семитские языки, особенно древние формы, не используют формы несовершенного (или совершенного) времени у глаголов. Вместо этого они используют несовершенный и совершенный виды соответственно. Виды схожи со временами, но отличаются тем, что для определения, указывает ли глагол на завершенное или незавершенное действие, требуется понимание контекста.
Semitic languages, especially the ancient forms, do not make use of the imperfect (or perfect) tense with verbs. Instead, they use the imperfective and perfective aspects, respectively. Aspects are similar to tenses, but differ by requiring contextual comprehension to know whether the verb indicates a completed or non completed action.