Дэвид Кристал: Жизнь и творчество лингвиста

British linguist and writer

David Crystal, (born 6 July 1941) is a British linguist who works on the linguistics of the English language. Crystal studied English at University College London and has lectured at Bangor University and the University of Reading. He was awarded an OBE in 1995 and a Fellowship of the British Academy in 2000. Crystal is a proponent of Internet linguistics and has also been involved in Shakespeare productions, providing guidance on original pronunciation.

Crystal was born in Lisburn, Northern Ireland, on 6 July 1941 after his mother had been evacuated there during The Blitz. Before he reached the age of one, his parents separated. He remained estranged from and ignorant of his father for most of his childhood, but later learnt (through work contacts and a half brother) of the life and career of Samuel Crystal in London, and of his half Jewish heritage. He grew up with his mother in Holyhead, North Wales, and Liverpool, England, where he attended St Mary's College from 1951. Crystal is a practising Roman Catholic. He currently lives in Holyhead with his wife, Hilary, a former speech therapist and now children's author. He has four grown up children. His son Ben Crystal is also an author, and has co authored four books with his father.

Crystal studied English at University College London between 1959 and 1962, Since then he has lectured at Bangor University and the University of Reading and is an honorary professor of linguistics at Bangor. Retired from full time academia, he works as a writer, editor and consultant, and contributes to television and radio broadcasts. His association with the BBC ranges from, formerly, a BBC Radio 4 series on language issues to, more recently, podcasts on the BBC World Service website for people learning English. He is also a Founding Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales and is a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Linguists. His many academic interests include English language learning and teaching, clinical linguistics, forensic linguistics, language death, "ludic linguistics" (Crystal's neologism for the study of language play), style, English genre, Shakespeare, indexing, and lexicography. He is the Patron of the International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language (IATEFL), honorary president of the Chartered Institute of Editing and Proofreading (CIEP), and Patron of the UK National Literacy Association. He is a consultant for Babel The Language Magazine, for which he has also written articles.

Crystal has authored, co authored, and edited over 120 books on a wide variety of subjects, specialising among other things in editing reference works, including (as author) the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (1987, 1997, 2010) and the Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (1995, 2003, 2019), and (as editor) the Cambridge Biographical Dictionary, the Cambridge Factfinder, the Cambridge Encyclopedia, and the New Penguin Encyclopedia (2003). He has published several books for the general reader about linguistics and the English language, which use varied graphics and short essays to communicate technical material in an accessible manner. In his article "What is Standard English", Crystal hypothesises that, globally, English will both split and converge, with local variants becoming less mutually comprehensible and therefore necessitating the rise of what he terms World Standard Spoken English (see also International English). In his 2004 book The Stories of English, a general history of the English language, he describes the value he sees in linguistic diversity and the according of respect to varieties of English generally considered "non standard". In 2009 Routledge published his autobiographical memoir Just a Phrase I'm Going Through: My Life in Language, which was released simultaneously with a DVD of three of his lectures. His book Spell It Out: The Curious, Enthralling and Extraordinary Story of English Spelling (2013) explains why some English words are difficult to spell. His companion book, Making a Point: The Pernickety Story of English Punctuation came out in 2015 from Profile Books (UK) and St. Martin's Press (US). Crystal is a proponent of a new field of study, Internet linguistics, and has published Language and the Internet (2001) on the subject. Crystal's book Txtng: The Gr8 Db8 (2008) focused on text language and its impact on society. He was one of the book series editors of The Language Library. From 2001 to 2006, Crystal served as the Chairman of Crystal Reference Systems Limited, a provider of reference content and Internet search and advertising technology. The company's iSense and Sitescreen products are based upon the patented Global Data Model, a complex semantic network that Crystal devised in the early 1980s and was adapted for use on the Internet in the mid 1990s. These include semantic targeting technology (marketed as iSense by ad pepper media) and brand protection technology (marketed as SiteScreen by Emediate ApS). The iSense technology is the subject of patents in the United Kingdom and the United States. After the company's acquisition by Ad Pepper Media N. V., he remained on the board as its R&D director until 2009. Crystal was influential in a campaign to save Holyhead's convent from demolition, leading to the creation of the Ucheldre Centre.

As an expert on the evolution of the English language, he was involved in the production of Shakespeare at Shakespeare's Globe in 2004 and 2005 in the "Original Pronunciation" of the period in which he was writing, coaching the actors on the appropriate pronunciation for the period, and has since been the consultant for several other Shakespeare plays performed in OP, including A Midsummer Night's Dream, Hamlet, Macbeth, Pericles, The Merchant of Venice, and Henry V.

Crystal, David (1980). A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. London: Deutsch (Subsequent editions published by Blackwells as A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics)
Crystal, David (1987). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crystal, David (1988). Rediscover Grammar. London: Longman. Crystal, David (ed.) (1992). The Cambridge Concise Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crystal, David (1992). An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Language and Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. (Subsequently, published by Penguin, with the 2nd ed. titled The Penguin Dictionary of Language)
Crystal, David (ed.) (1993). The Cambridge Paperback Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crystal, David (ed.) (1993). The Cambridge Factfinder. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crystal, David (ed.) (1994). The Cambridge Biographical Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crystal, David (1996). Discover Grammar. London: Longman. Crystal, David (1996). The Cambridge Biographical Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crystal, David (ed.) (2002). The New Penguin Encyclopedia. London: Penguin. Crystal, David and Crystal, Ben (2002). Shakespeare's Words: A Glossary and Language Companion. London: Penguin. Crystal, David (ed.) (2003). The Penguin Concise Encyclopedia. London: Penguin. Crystal, David (ed.) (2003). The New Penguin Factfinder. London: Penguin. Crystal, David (2004). Making Sense of Grammar. London: Pearson Longman. Crystal, David (2004). A Glossary of Netspeak and Textspeak. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
Crystal, David (2004). The Penguin Book of Facts. London: Penguin. Crystal, David (2005). Penguin Pocket Spelling Dictionary. London: Penguin Reference. Crystal, David (2005). Dr Johnson's Dictionary: an Anthology. London: Penguin Classics. Crystal, David (ed.) (2005). The Penguin Concise Encyclopedia. London: Penguin Reference. Crystal, David (ed.) (2005). Pocket Quotations. London: Penguin Reference. Crystal, David (ed.) (2005). Pocket Facts. London: Penguin Reference. Crystal, David (ed.) (2006). Penguin Pocket On This Day. London: Penguin Reference. Crystal, David (ed.) (2006). Penguin Pocket Kings and Queens. London: Penguin Reference. Crystal, David (ed.) (2006). Penguin Pocket Famous People. London: Penguin Reference. Fowler, H. W., Crystal, David (ed.) (2009). Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Reprint of 1926 1st ed.) Crystal, David and Crystal, Ben (2015). Oxford Illustrated Shakespeare Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Crystal, David (2016). The Oxford Dictionary of Original Shakespearean Pronunciation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Review of The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language.