Введение
Математическая функция
В математике алгебраическая функция — это функция, которая может быть определена как корень неприводимого полиномиального уравнения. Алгебраические функции часто представляются алгебраическими выражениями, использующими конечное число слагаемых и включающими только алгебраические операции сложения, вычитания, умножения, деления и возведения в дробную степень. Примеры таких функций:
In mathematics, an algebraic function is a function that can be defined
as the root of an irreducible polynomial equation. Algebraic functions are often algebraic expressions using a finite number of terms, involving only the algebraic operations addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and raising to a fractional power. Examples of such functions are:
Some algebraic functions, however, cannot be expressed by such finite expressions (this is the Abel–Ruffini theorem). This is the case, for example, for the Bring radical, which is the function implicitly defined by
In more precise terms, an algebraic function of degree n in one variable x is a function that is continuous in its domain and satisfies a polynomial equation of positive degree
where the coefficients ai(x) are polynomial functions of x, with integer coefficients. It can be shown that the same class of functions is obtained if algebraic numbers are accepted for the coefficients of the ai(x)'s. If transcendental numbers occur in the coefficients the function is, in general, not algebraic, but it is algebraic over the field generated by these coefficients. The value of an algebraic function at a rational number, and more generally, at an algebraic number is always an algebraic number. Sometimes, coefficients that are polynomial over a ring R are considered, and one then talks about "functions algebraic over R". A function which is not algebraic is called a transcendental function, as it is for example the case of A composition of transcendental functions can give an algebraic function:
As a polynomial equation of degree n has up to n roots (and exactly n roots over an algebraically closed field, such as the complex numbers), a polynomial equation does not implicitly define a single function, but up to n
functions, sometimes also called branches. Consider for example the equation of the unit circle:
This determines y, except only up to an overall sign; accordingly, it has two branches:
An algebraic function in m variables is similarly defined as a function which solves a polynomial equation in m + 1 variables:
It is normally assumed that p should be an irreducible polynomial. The existence of an algebraic function is then guaranteed by the implicit function theorem. Formally, an algebraic function in m variables over the field K is an element of the algebraic closure of the field of rational functions K(x1, , xm).
Однако некоторые алгебраические функции не могут быть выражены такими конечными выражениями (это теорема Абеля — Руффини). Это справедливо, например, для радикалов Бринга, которые являются функцией, неявно определенной как
In mathematics, an algebraic function is a function that can be defined
as the root of an irreducible polynomial equation. Algebraic functions are often algebraic expressions using a finite number of terms, involving only the algebraic operations addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and raising to a fractional power. Examples of such functions are:
Some algebraic functions, however, cannot be expressed by such finite expressions (this is the Abel–Ruffini theorem). This is the case, for example, for the Bring radical, which is the function implicitly defined by
In more precise terms, an algebraic function of degree n in one variable x is a function that is continuous in its domain and satisfies a polynomial equation of positive degree
where the coefficients ai(x) are polynomial functions of x, with integer coefficients. It can be shown that the same class of functions is obtained if algebraic numbers are accepted for the coefficients of the ai(x)'s. If transcendental numbers occur in the coefficients the function is, in general, not algebraic, but it is algebraic over the field generated by these coefficients. The value of an algebraic function at a rational number, and more generally, at an algebraic number is always an algebraic number. Sometimes, coefficients that are polynomial over a ring R are considered, and one then talks about "functions algebraic over R". A function which is not algebraic is called a transcendental function, as it is for example the case of A composition of transcendental functions can give an algebraic function:
As a polynomial equation of degree n has up to n roots (and exactly n roots over an algebraically closed field, such as the complex numbers), a polynomial equation does not implicitly define a single function, but up to n
functions, sometimes also called branches. Consider for example the equation of the unit circle:
This determines y, except only up to an overall sign; accordingly, it has two branches:
An algebraic function in m variables is similarly defined as a function which solves a polynomial equation in m + 1 variables:
It is normally assumed that p should be an irreducible polynomial. The existence of an algebraic function is then guaranteed by the implicit function theorem. Formally, an algebraic function in m variables over the field K is an element of the algebraic closure of the field of rational functions K(x1, , xm).
В более строгом смысле, алгебраическая функция степени n в одной переменной x — это функция, непрерывная в своей области определения и удовлетворяющая полиномиальному уравнению положительной степени:
In mathematics, an algebraic function is a function that can be defined
as the root of an irreducible polynomial equation. Algebraic functions are often algebraic expressions using a finite number of terms, involving only the algebraic operations addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and raising to a fractional power. Examples of such functions are:
Some algebraic functions, however, cannot be expressed by such finite expressions (this is the Abel–Ruffini theorem). This is the case, for example, for the Bring radical, which is the function implicitly defined by
In more precise terms, an algebraic function of degree n in one variable x is a function that is continuous in its domain and satisfies a polynomial equation of positive degree
where the coefficients ai(x) are polynomial functions of x, with integer coefficients. It can be shown that the same class of functions is obtained if algebraic numbers are accepted for the coefficients of the ai(x)'s. If transcendental numbers occur in the coefficients the function is, in general, not algebraic, but it is algebraic over the field generated by these coefficients. The value of an algebraic function at a rational number, and more generally, at an algebraic number is always an algebraic number. Sometimes, coefficients that are polynomial over a ring R are considered, and one then talks about "functions algebraic over R". A function which is not algebraic is called a transcendental function, as it is for example the case of A composition of transcendental functions can give an algebraic function:
As a polynomial equation of degree n has up to n roots (and exactly n roots over an algebraically closed field, such as the complex numbers), a polynomial equation does not implicitly define a single function, but up to n
functions, sometimes also called branches. Consider for example the equation of the unit circle:
This determines y, except only up to an overall sign; accordingly, it has two branches:
An algebraic function in m variables is similarly defined as a function which solves a polynomial equation in m + 1 variables:
It is normally assumed that p should be an irreducible polynomial. The existence of an algebraic function is then guaranteed by the implicit function theorem. Formally, an algebraic function in m variables over the field K is an element of the algebraic closure of the field of rational functions K(x1, , xm).
где коэффициенты ai(x) являются полиномиальными функциями от x с целочисленными коэффициентами. Можно показать, что тот же класс функций получается, если допускать алгебраические числа в качестве коэффициентов ai. Если в коэффициентах встречаются трансцендентные числа, то функция, как правило, не является алгебраической, но она алгебраична над полем, порожденным этими коэффициентами. Значение алгебраической функции в рациональной точке, и в более общем случае, в алгебраической точке всегда является алгебраическим числом. Иногда рассматриваются коэффициенты, являющиеся полиномами над кольцом R, и тогда говорят о «функциях, алгебраических над R». Функция, которая не является алгебраической, называется трансцендентной функцией, как, например, в случае. Композиция трансцендентных функций может дать алгебраическую функцию:
In mathematics, an algebraic function is a function that can be defined
as the root of an irreducible polynomial equation. Algebraic functions are often algebraic expressions using a finite number of terms, involving only the algebraic operations addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and raising to a fractional power. Examples of such functions are:
Some algebraic functions, however, cannot be expressed by such finite expressions (this is the Abel–Ruffini theorem). This is the case, for example, for the Bring radical, which is the function implicitly defined by
In more precise terms, an algebraic function of degree n in one variable x is a function that is continuous in its domain and satisfies a polynomial equation of positive degree
where the coefficients ai(x) are polynomial functions of x, with integer coefficients. It can be shown that the same class of functions is obtained if algebraic numbers are accepted for the coefficients of the ai(x)'s. If transcendental numbers occur in the coefficients the function is, in general, not algebraic, but it is algebraic over the field generated by these coefficients. The value of an algebraic function at a rational number, and more generally, at an algebraic number is always an algebraic number. Sometimes, coefficients that are polynomial over a ring R are considered, and one then talks about "functions algebraic over R". A function which is not algebraic is called a transcendental function, as it is for example the case of A composition of transcendental functions can give an algebraic function:
As a polynomial equation of degree n has up to n roots (and exactly n roots over an algebraically closed field, such as the complex numbers), a polynomial equation does not implicitly define a single function, but up to n
functions, sometimes also called branches. Consider for example the equation of the unit circle:
This determines y, except only up to an overall sign; accordingly, it has two branches:
An algebraic function in m variables is similarly defined as a function which solves a polynomial equation in m + 1 variables:
It is normally assumed that p should be an irreducible polynomial. The existence of an algebraic function is then guaranteed by the implicit function theorem. Formally, an algebraic function in m variables over the field K is an element of the algebraic closure of the field of rational functions K(x1, , xm).
Поскольку полиномиальное уравнение степени n имеет до n корней (и ровно n корней над алгебраически замкнутым полем, таким как комплексные числа), полиномиальное уравнение не определяет однозначно одну функцию, а до n функций, иногда также называемых ветвями. Рассмотрим, например, уравнение единичной окружности:
In mathematics, an algebraic function is a function that can be defined
as the root of an irreducible polynomial equation. Algebraic functions are often algebraic expressions using a finite number of terms, involving only the algebraic operations addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and raising to a fractional power. Examples of such functions are:
Some algebraic functions, however, cannot be expressed by such finite expressions (this is the Abel–Ruffini theorem). This is the case, for example, for the Bring radical, which is the function implicitly defined by
In more precise terms, an algebraic function of degree n in one variable x is a function that is continuous in its domain and satisfies a polynomial equation of positive degree
where the coefficients ai(x) are polynomial functions of x, with integer coefficients. It can be shown that the same class of functions is obtained if algebraic numbers are accepted for the coefficients of the ai(x)'s. If transcendental numbers occur in the coefficients the function is, in general, not algebraic, but it is algebraic over the field generated by these coefficients. The value of an algebraic function at a rational number, and more generally, at an algebraic number is always an algebraic number. Sometimes, coefficients that are polynomial over a ring R are considered, and one then talks about "functions algebraic over R". A function which is not algebraic is called a transcendental function, as it is for example the case of A composition of transcendental functions can give an algebraic function:
As a polynomial equation of degree n has up to n roots (and exactly n roots over an algebraically closed field, such as the complex numbers), a polynomial equation does not implicitly define a single function, but up to n
functions, sometimes also called branches. Consider for example the equation of the unit circle:
This determines y, except only up to an overall sign; accordingly, it has two branches:
An algebraic function in m variables is similarly defined as a function which solves a polynomial equation in m + 1 variables:
It is normally assumed that p should be an irreducible polynomial. The existence of an algebraic function is then guaranteed by the implicit function theorem. Formally, an algebraic function in m variables over the field K is an element of the algebraic closure of the field of rational functions K(x1, , xm).
Оно определяет y, но только с точностью до общего знака; следовательно, у него есть две ветви:
In mathematics, an algebraic function is a function that can be defined
as the root of an irreducible polynomial equation. Algebraic functions are often algebraic expressions using a finite number of terms, involving only the algebraic operations addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and raising to a fractional power. Examples of such functions are:
Some algebraic functions, however, cannot be expressed by such finite expressions (this is the Abel–Ruffini theorem). This is the case, for example, for the Bring radical, which is the function implicitly defined by
In more precise terms, an algebraic function of degree n in one variable x is a function that is continuous in its domain and satisfies a polynomial equation of positive degree
where the coefficients ai(x) are polynomial functions of x, with integer coefficients. It can be shown that the same class of functions is obtained if algebraic numbers are accepted for the coefficients of the ai(x)'s. If transcendental numbers occur in the coefficients the function is, in general, not algebraic, but it is algebraic over the field generated by these coefficients. The value of an algebraic function at a rational number, and more generally, at an algebraic number is always an algebraic number. Sometimes, coefficients that are polynomial over a ring R are considered, and one then talks about "functions algebraic over R". A function which is not algebraic is called a transcendental function, as it is for example the case of A composition of transcendental functions can give an algebraic function:
As a polynomial equation of degree n has up to n roots (and exactly n roots over an algebraically closed field, such as the complex numbers), a polynomial equation does not implicitly define a single function, but up to n
functions, sometimes also called branches. Consider for example the equation of the unit circle:
This determines y, except only up to an overall sign; accordingly, it has two branches:
An algebraic function in m variables is similarly defined as a function which solves a polynomial equation in m + 1 variables:
It is normally assumed that p should be an irreducible polynomial. The existence of an algebraic function is then guaranteed by the implicit function theorem. Formally, an algebraic function in m variables over the field K is an element of the algebraic closure of the field of rational functions K(x1, , xm).
Алгебраическая функция в m переменных аналогично определяется как функция, являющаяся решением полиномиального уравнения в m + 1 переменных:
In mathematics, an algebraic function is a function that can be defined
as the root of an irreducible polynomial equation. Algebraic functions are often algebraic expressions using a finite number of terms, involving only the algebraic operations addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and raising to a fractional power. Examples of such functions are:
Some algebraic functions, however, cannot be expressed by such finite expressions (this is the Abel–Ruffini theorem). This is the case, for example, for the Bring radical, which is the function implicitly defined by
In more precise terms, an algebraic function of degree n in one variable x is a function that is continuous in its domain and satisfies a polynomial equation of positive degree
where the coefficients ai(x) are polynomial functions of x, with integer coefficients. It can be shown that the same class of functions is obtained if algebraic numbers are accepted for the coefficients of the ai(x)'s. If transcendental numbers occur in the coefficients the function is, in general, not algebraic, but it is algebraic over the field generated by these coefficients. The value of an algebraic function at a rational number, and more generally, at an algebraic number is always an algebraic number. Sometimes, coefficients that are polynomial over a ring R are considered, and one then talks about "functions algebraic over R". A function which is not algebraic is called a transcendental function, as it is for example the case of A composition of transcendental functions can give an algebraic function:
As a polynomial equation of degree n has up to n roots (and exactly n roots over an algebraically closed field, such as the complex numbers), a polynomial equation does not implicitly define a single function, but up to n
functions, sometimes also called branches. Consider for example the equation of the unit circle:
This determines y, except only up to an overall sign; accordingly, it has two branches:
An algebraic function in m variables is similarly defined as a function which solves a polynomial equation in m + 1 variables:
It is normally assumed that p should be an irreducible polynomial. The existence of an algebraic function is then guaranteed by the implicit function theorem. Formally, an algebraic function in m variables over the field K is an element of the algebraic closure of the field of rational functions K(x1, , xm).
Обычно предполагается, что p должно быть неприводимым полиномом. Существование алгебраической функции в этом случае гарантируется теоремой о неявных функциях. Формально, алгебраическая функция в m переменных над полем K является элементом алгебраического замыкания поля рациональных функций K(x1, …, xm).
In mathematics, an algebraic function is a function that can be defined
as the root of an irreducible polynomial equation. Algebraic functions are often algebraic expressions using a finite number of terms, involving only the algebraic operations addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and raising to a fractional power. Examples of such functions are:
Some algebraic functions, however, cannot be expressed by such finite expressions (this is the Abel–Ruffini theorem). This is the case, for example, for the Bring radical, which is the function implicitly defined by
In more precise terms, an algebraic function of degree n in one variable x is a function that is continuous in its domain and satisfies a polynomial equation of positive degree
where the coefficients ai(x) are polynomial functions of x, with integer coefficients. It can be shown that the same class of functions is obtained if algebraic numbers are accepted for the coefficients of the ai(x)'s. If transcendental numbers occur in the coefficients the function is, in general, not algebraic, but it is algebraic over the field generated by these coefficients. The value of an algebraic function at a rational number, and more generally, at an algebraic number is always an algebraic number. Sometimes, coefficients that are polynomial over a ring R are considered, and one then talks about "functions algebraic over R". A function which is not algebraic is called a transcendental function, as it is for example the case of A composition of transcendental functions can give an algebraic function:
As a polynomial equation of degree n has up to n roots (and exactly n roots over an algebraically closed field, such as the complex numbers), a polynomial equation does not implicitly define a single function, but up to n
functions, sometimes also called branches. Consider for example the equation of the unit circle:
This determines y, except only up to an overall sign; accordingly, it has two branches:
An algebraic function in m variables is similarly defined as a function which solves a polynomial equation in m + 1 variables:
It is normally assumed that p should be an irreducible polynomial. The existence of an algebraic function is then guaranteed by the implicit function theorem. Formally, an algebraic function in m variables over the field K is an element of the algebraic closure of the field of rational functions K(x1, , xm).
История
Идеи, связанные с алгебраическими функциями, восходят как минимум к Рене Декарту. Первое обсуждение алгебраических функций, по всей видимости, встречается в работе Эдварда Уоринга 1794 года «Очерк о принципах человеческого познания», где он пишет:
пусть величина, обозначающая ординату, является алгебраической функцией абсциссы x; с помощью обычных методов деления и извлечения корней приведите её к бесконечному ряду, возрастающему или убывающему в зависимости от степеней x, а затем найдите интеграл каждого из полученных членов.
let a quantity denoting the ordinate, be an algebraic function of the abscissa x, by the common methods of division and extraction of roots, reduce it into an infinite series ascending or descending according to the dimensions of x, and then find the integral of each of the resulting terms.