Махинда: Индийский монах и распространитель буддизма в Шри-Ланке.
Mahinda (Buddhist monk)
Махинда – индийский буддийский монах, сын императора Ашоки. Принес буддизм в Шри-Ланку, достиг архатства и способствовал распространению учения в Индии.
Сравнивайте с английским: нажмите на абзац — оригинал откроется в окне. Кнопка EN под абзацем показывает его прямо в тексте.
Содержание
Введение
Индийский буддийский монах и сын императора Маурьев Ашоки Махинда (285 г. до н.э. – 205 г. до н.э.) – индийский буддийский монах, представленный в буддийских источниках как распространитель буддизма на Шри-Ланке. Он был маурьянским принцем, первенцем императора Ашоки Великого от его первой жены, императрицы Деви, и старшим братом принцессы Сангамитры. Махинда был отправлен буддийским миссионером в королевство Анурадхапура на Шри-Ланку. Он достиг состояния архата и обитал в Михинтале, сыграв важную роль в распространении буддизма по всему Индийскому субконтиненту.
Indian Buddhist monk and son of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka
Mahinda (285 BCE – 205 BCE) was an Indian Buddhist monk depicted in Buddhist sources as bringing Buddhism to Sri Lanka. He was a Mauryan prince and the first born son of Emperor Ashoka The Great from his first wife and Empress Devi, and the older brother of Princess Sanghamitra. Mahinda was sent as a Buddhist missionary to the Anuradhapura Kingdom in Sri Lanka. Mahinda attained arhatship and resided at Mihintale. He played an important role in proliferating Buddhism throughout the Indian subcontinent.
Исторические источники
Дипавамса и Махавамса, две великие религиозные хроники Шри-Ланки, содержат рассказы о путешествии Махинды в Шри-Ланку и обращении царя Деванампиятиссы. Эти тексты являются основными источниками информации о его жизни и деяниях. Надписи и литературные упоминания также подтверждают, что буддизм стал широко распространен в Шри-Ланке примерно в III веке до н.э., в период жизни Махинды.
The Dipavamsa and the Mahavamsa, Sri Lanka's two great religious chronicles, contain accounts of Mahinda travelling to Sri Lanka and converting King Devanampiyatissa. These are the primary sources for accounts of his life and deeds. Inscriptions and literary references also establish that Buddhism became prevalent in Sri Lanka around the 3rd century BCE, the period when Mahinda lived. Blockquote|Period: Circa 200 BC, Script: Early Brahmi, Language: Old SinhalaTranscript: Ye ima dipa paṭamaya idiya agatana Iḍika [tera Ma] hida teraha tubeTranslation: "This is the stupa of the elder Ittiya and the elder Mahinda, who came to this Island by its foremost good fortune." Though Ashoka wanted his prodigal eldest son Mahendra to succeed him and made several attempts to bring him out of renunciation, due to the orthodox Hindu community's refusal to accept a Buddhist Crown Prince from a Vaishya mother as well as Mahendra's own lack of enthusiasm to take over an empire, he gave up. Though texts describe Mahendra's motive in leaving for Sri Lanka as spiritual, historians have argued that it was more of a political motive. Ashoka had feared that Mahendra would be killed just like Sushima, so to keep him safe and to avoid any succession war, he sent him to Sri Lanka. The party left from Vedasagiri vihara, believed to be modern day Sanchi. Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa, the chronicles of Sri Lanka, record the arrival of the party on the full moon of Jettha, a national festival. At the time, King Devanampiyatissa was participating in a hunting expedition in the Mihintale hills. It is said that Ashoka and Devanampiyatissa were previously acquainted and on good terms, having exchanged royal gifts upon their respective ascensions to the throne. Upon meeting the shaven headed monks Devanampiyatissa was taken aback by their appearance and asked who they were. After exchanging greetings, Mahinda preached the Chulahatthipadopama Sutra, and the royal hunting party converted to Buddhism. The party was subsequently invited to Anuradhapura, the seat of the throne for a royal reception and to give further dharma talks. Mahinda subsequently gave two public talks sanctioned by Devanampiyatissa, in the Royal Hall and in the Nandana Garden in the Royal Park, leading to the start of the public embrace of Buddhism in Sri Lanka. The royal park Mahamegha was then set aside as the residence for Mahinda's party, and in later times became the Mahavihara, the earliest centre of Buddhist culture and scholarship Sri Lanka. The Chetiyagirivihara monastery was then established in Mihintale. Mahinda then sent for his sister Sanghamitta from Magadha, who was a nun, to start a female Buddhist order after local women had expressed a desire to join the Sangha. Mahinda also arranged for a bodhi sapling from the original tree in Bodh Gaya to be sent to Sri Lanka, where it was planted in the grounds of the Mahavihara and is still visible today. After a month spent delivering discourses to Sri Lankans who had ventured to the capital, Mahinda retreated to Mihintale to spend the vassa during the monsoon season. As a result, a second royal funded monastery was built there. Later, Mahinda organised for a stupa to be constructed, and a part of the bodily relics of Gautama Buddha were transferred from the Maurya Empire to Sri Lanka. Mahinda then had Arittha, Devanampiyatissa's nephew, a bhikkhu, expound the Vinaya monastic code of discipline to further Buddhism in Sri Lanka. Mahinda outlived Devanampiyatissa and died at the age of 80 in Sri Lanka. King Uttiya, who succeeded his brother, organized a state funeral for Mahinda and constructed a stupa to house his relics at Mihintale.
Блокцитата: Период: Около 200 г. до н.э., Письмо: Раннее брахми, Язык: Древний сингальский. Транскрипция: Ye ima dipa paṭamaya idiya agatana Iḍika [tera Ma] hida teraha tube. Перевод: «Это ступа старшего Иттии и старшего Махинды, прибывших на этот остров благодаря величайшей удаче».
The Dipavamsa and the Mahavamsa, Sri Lanka's two great religious chronicles, contain accounts of Mahinda travelling to Sri Lanka and converting King Devanampiyatissa. These are the primary sources for accounts of his life and deeds. Inscriptions and literary references also establish that Buddhism became prevalent in Sri Lanka around the 3rd century BCE, the period when Mahinda lived. Blockquote|Period: Circa 200 BC, Script: Early Brahmi, Language: Old SinhalaTranscript: Ye ima dipa paṭamaya idiya agatana Iḍika [tera Ma] hida teraha tubeTranslation: "This is the stupa of the elder Ittiya and the elder Mahinda, who came to this Island by its foremost good fortune." Though Ashoka wanted his prodigal eldest son Mahendra to succeed him and made several attempts to bring him out of renunciation, due to the orthodox Hindu community's refusal to accept a Buddhist Crown Prince from a Vaishya mother as well as Mahendra's own lack of enthusiasm to take over an empire, he gave up. Though texts describe Mahendra's motive in leaving for Sri Lanka as spiritual, historians have argued that it was more of a political motive. Ashoka had feared that Mahendra would be killed just like Sushima, so to keep him safe and to avoid any succession war, he sent him to Sri Lanka. The party left from Vedasagiri vihara, believed to be modern day Sanchi. Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa, the chronicles of Sri Lanka, record the arrival of the party on the full moon of Jettha, a national festival. At the time, King Devanampiyatissa was participating in a hunting expedition in the Mihintale hills. It is said that Ashoka and Devanampiyatissa were previously acquainted and on good terms, having exchanged royal gifts upon their respective ascensions to the throne. Upon meeting the shaven headed monks Devanampiyatissa was taken aback by their appearance and asked who they were. After exchanging greetings, Mahinda preached the Chulahatthipadopama Sutra, and the royal hunting party converted to Buddhism. The party was subsequently invited to Anuradhapura, the seat of the throne for a royal reception and to give further dharma talks. Mahinda subsequently gave two public talks sanctioned by Devanampiyatissa, in the Royal Hall and in the Nandana Garden in the Royal Park, leading to the start of the public embrace of Buddhism in Sri Lanka. The royal park Mahamegha was then set aside as the residence for Mahinda's party, and in later times became the Mahavihara, the earliest centre of Buddhist culture and scholarship Sri Lanka. The Chetiyagirivihara monastery was then established in Mihintale. Mahinda then sent for his sister Sanghamitta from Magadha, who was a nun, to start a female Buddhist order after local women had expressed a desire to join the Sangha. Mahinda also arranged for a bodhi sapling from the original tree in Bodh Gaya to be sent to Sri Lanka, where it was planted in the grounds of the Mahavihara and is still visible today. After a month spent delivering discourses to Sri Lankans who had ventured to the capital, Mahinda retreated to Mihintale to spend the vassa during the monsoon season. As a result, a second royal funded monastery was built there. Later, Mahinda organised for a stupa to be constructed, and a part of the bodily relics of Gautama Buddha were transferred from the Maurya Empire to Sri Lanka. Mahinda then had Arittha, Devanampiyatissa's nephew, a bhikkhu, expound the Vinaya monastic code of discipline to further Buddhism in Sri Lanka. Mahinda outlived Devanampiyatissa and died at the age of 80 in Sri Lanka. King Uttiya, who succeeded his brother, organized a state funeral for Mahinda and constructed a stupa to house his relics at Mihintale.
Хотя Ашока желал, чтобы его старший, но отчужденный сын Махендра унаследовал трон и предпринимал несколько попыток убедить его отказаться от отречения, он отказался от этой идеи из-за нежелания ортодоксального индуистского сообщества принять буддийского наследника от матери из вайшья, а также из-за отсутствия у самого Махендры стремления к управлению империей. Хотя в текстах мотив отъезда Махендры в Шри-Ланку описывается как духовный, историки полагают, что он был скорее политическим. Ашока опасался, что Махендра может быть убит, как Сусима, поэтому, чтобы обеспечить его безопасность и избежать войны за престолонаследие, он отправил его в Шри-Ланку. Отряд отправился из вихары Ведасагири, которую отождествляют с современным Санчи. В хрониках Шри-Ланки, Махавамсе и Дипавамсе, зафиксировано прибытие отряда в полнолуние месяца Джетта, в день национального праздника. В это время царь Деванампиятисса находился на охоте в холмах Михинтале. Говорят, что Ашока и Деванампиятисса были знакомы и поддерживали дружеские отношения, обмениваясь королевскими дарами после восшествия на престол. Увидев обритых монахов, Деванампиятисса был удивлен их внешним видом и спросил, кто они. После обмена приветствиями Махинда проповедовал Сутру Чулахаттипадопама, и королевская охотничья свита приняла буддизм. Впоследствии отряд был приглашен в Анурадхапуру, столицу государства, для проведения королевского приема и дальнейших бесед о Дхарме. Махинда впоследствии произнес две публичные проповеди, одобренные Деванампиятиссой, в Королевском зале и в саду Нандана в Королевском парке, что положило начало широкому распространению буддизма в Шри-Ланке. Королевский парк Махамега был выделен в качестве резиденции для отряда Махинды, а впоследствии стал Махавихарой – первым центром буддийской культуры и образования в Шри-Ланке. Затем в Михинтале был основан монастырь Четиягиривихара. Махинда послал за своей сестрой Сангамиттой из Магадхи, которая была монахиней, чтобы она основала женский буддийский орден, поскольку местные женщины выразили желание присоединиться к Сангхе. Махинда также организовал отправку саженца дерева Бодхи из оригинального дерева в Бодх-Гае в Шри-Ланку, где он был посажен на территории Махавихары и сохранился до наших дней. После месяца проповедей для жителей Шри-Ланки, прибывших в столицу, Махинда удалился в Михинтале, чтобы провести вассу во время сезона муссонов. В результате там был построен второй монастырь, финансируемый царской казной. Позже Махинда организовал строительство ступы, и часть телесных реликвий Гаутамы Будды была перенесена из империи Маурьев в Шри-Ланку. Махинда попросил Аритту, племянника Деванампиятиссы, который был бхикшу, изложить монашеский кодекс дисциплины Виная для дальнейшего распространения буддизма в Шри-Ланке. Махинда пережил Деванампиятиссу и умер в возрасте 80 лет в Шри-Ланке. Царь Утия, сменивший своего брата на троне, организовал государственные похороны для Махинды и построил ступу для хранения его реликвий в Михинтале.
The Dipavamsa and the Mahavamsa, Sri Lanka's two great religious chronicles, contain accounts of Mahinda travelling to Sri Lanka and converting King Devanampiyatissa. These are the primary sources for accounts of his life and deeds. Inscriptions and literary references also establish that Buddhism became prevalent in Sri Lanka around the 3rd century BCE, the period when Mahinda lived. Blockquote|Period: Circa 200 BC, Script: Early Brahmi, Language: Old SinhalaTranscript: Ye ima dipa paṭamaya idiya agatana Iḍika [tera Ma] hida teraha tubeTranslation: "This is the stupa of the elder Ittiya and the elder Mahinda, who came to this Island by its foremost good fortune." Though Ashoka wanted his prodigal eldest son Mahendra to succeed him and made several attempts to bring him out of renunciation, due to the orthodox Hindu community's refusal to accept a Buddhist Crown Prince from a Vaishya mother as well as Mahendra's own lack of enthusiasm to take over an empire, he gave up. Though texts describe Mahendra's motive in leaving for Sri Lanka as spiritual, historians have argued that it was more of a political motive. Ashoka had feared that Mahendra would be killed just like Sushima, so to keep him safe and to avoid any succession war, he sent him to Sri Lanka. The party left from Vedasagiri vihara, believed to be modern day Sanchi. Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa, the chronicles of Sri Lanka, record the arrival of the party on the full moon of Jettha, a national festival. At the time, King Devanampiyatissa was participating in a hunting expedition in the Mihintale hills. It is said that Ashoka and Devanampiyatissa were previously acquainted and on good terms, having exchanged royal gifts upon their respective ascensions to the throne. Upon meeting the shaven headed monks Devanampiyatissa was taken aback by their appearance and asked who they were. After exchanging greetings, Mahinda preached the Chulahatthipadopama Sutra, and the royal hunting party converted to Buddhism. The party was subsequently invited to Anuradhapura, the seat of the throne for a royal reception and to give further dharma talks. Mahinda subsequently gave two public talks sanctioned by Devanampiyatissa, in the Royal Hall and in the Nandana Garden in the Royal Park, leading to the start of the public embrace of Buddhism in Sri Lanka. The royal park Mahamegha was then set aside as the residence for Mahinda's party, and in later times became the Mahavihara, the earliest centre of Buddhist culture and scholarship Sri Lanka. The Chetiyagirivihara monastery was then established in Mihintale. Mahinda then sent for his sister Sanghamitta from Magadha, who was a nun, to start a female Buddhist order after local women had expressed a desire to join the Sangha. Mahinda also arranged for a bodhi sapling from the original tree in Bodh Gaya to be sent to Sri Lanka, where it was planted in the grounds of the Mahavihara and is still visible today. After a month spent delivering discourses to Sri Lankans who had ventured to the capital, Mahinda retreated to Mihintale to spend the vassa during the monsoon season. As a result, a second royal funded monastery was built there. Later, Mahinda organised for a stupa to be constructed, and a part of the bodily relics of Gautama Buddha were transferred from the Maurya Empire to Sri Lanka. Mahinda then had Arittha, Devanampiyatissa's nephew, a bhikkhu, expound the Vinaya monastic code of discipline to further Buddhism in Sri Lanka. Mahinda outlived Devanampiyatissa and died at the age of 80 in Sri Lanka. King Uttiya, who succeeded his brother, organized a state funeral for Mahinda and constructed a stupa to house his relics at Mihintale.
Значение и наследие
Шри-ланкийский монах XX века Вальпола Рахула назвал Махинду «отцом сингальской литературы», поскольку он перевел и написал комментарии к Трипитаке на сингальском языке, превратив его в литературный язык. Ему также приписывают распространение культуры империи Маурья на острове, вместе с ее архитектурой. Недавно канадский ученый Суванда Х. Дж. Сугунасири идентифицировал его как составителя (редактора) самой древней Буддапуджи в мире (247 г. до н.э.). Михинтале, гора, где, как считается, Махинда впервые встретился с королем Деванампиятиссой и находится его погребальная ступа, является важным местом паломничества в Шри-Ланке. Паломничества традиционно совершаются в июне (посон по старому сингальскому календарю), когда, как полагают, Махинда прибыл в Шри-Ланку в ночь полнолуния этого месяца – традиционное время для религиозных практик в буддизме Тхеравады.
The 20th century Sri Lankan monk Walpola Rahula described Mahinda as "the father of Sinhalese literature" as he had translated and written commentary for the Tripitaka in Sinhala, turning it into a literary language. He was also credited with introducing the culture of the Mauryan empire to the island, along with its architecture. More recently, Suwanda H. J. Sugunasiri, a Canadian scholar, has identified him as the Redactor of the oldest Buddhapuja in the world (247 BCE). Mihintale, the mountain where Mahinda supposedly first encountered King Devanampiyatissa and the site of his funerary stupa, is an important pilgrimage site in Sri Lanka. Pilgrimages are traditionally undertaken in the month of June (Poson in the old Sinhala calendar), when Mahinda is believed to have arrived in Sri Lanka on the full moon night of the month, a traditional time for religious observances in Theravada Buddhism.