Яковлев Як-12: История и Модификации Советского Многоцелевого Самолета

The Yakovlev Yak 12 (Яковлев Як 12, also transcribed as Jak 12, NATO reporting name: "Creek") is a light multirole STOL aircraft used by the Soviet Air Force, Soviet civilian aviation and other countries from 1947 onwards.

The Yak 12 was designed by Yakovlev's team to meet a requirement of the Soviet Air Force of 1944 for a new liaison and utility plane, to replace the obsolete Po 2 biplane. It was also meant to be used in civil aviation as a successor to Yakovlev's AIR 6 of 1934, built in a relatively small series. Yakovlev's first proposal was a four place high wing aircraft, the Yak 10 (first named Yak 14), built in January 1945. It won the competition with a low wing Yak 13, based on the same fuselage, and a series of 40 Yak 10s were produced, powered with a 108 kW (145 hp) Shvetsov M 11M radial. In 1947, Yakovlev developed a new aircraft to replace the Yak 10. This was fitted with a more powerful 119 kW (160 hp) M 11FR, a new wing and undercarriage, and a fuselage with a revised shape (lower tail). The new type was designated Yak 12, first flying in 1947. 788 of the basic variant were produced, including military observation planes, some Yak 12S air ambulances, Yak 12SKh agricultural aircraft and Yak 12GR floatplanes. A distinguishing feature of the basic Yak 12, just like Yak 10, were engine cylinders with individual cowlings. It was a plane of a mixed construction and could take 1 or 2 passengers, apart from a pilot. The next generation Yak 12 entered production in 1952, starting with the Yak 12R. It was fitted with a new 194 kW (260 hp) Ivchenko AI 14R radial and all metal construction. The wing area increased (from 21.6 m2 to 23.8 m2). This variant had the least wing loading of all Yak 12s, and therefore best STOL performance (take off run 52 m/171 ft, landing 81 m/266 ft). After being lengthened to improve weight distribution, with further strengthening of the structure and other minor changes, from 1955 the Yak 12M ("modernized") was produced. A visible difference was a lengthened, curved tailfin. This variant became more universal, offering a bigger payload. It took a pilot and 3 passengers and could be fitted with dual controls for training, a stretcher for an ambulance role or an agricultural spraying device. It became the most numerous variant. The last generation, produced from 1957, was the Yak 12A. It was an aerodynamically refined variant, with a slimmer fuselage and a new wing. The cowling was smaller diameter. The rectangular wings were fitted with trapezoidal ends and automatic slats, also single struts replaced twin struts. Navigation equipment and controls were improved, and performance also increased. In the USSR, 3,801 of Yak 12s were built in all models (including 3,013 Yak 12R, M and A). An experimental Yak 12B biplane was also developed, but did not enter production. The Yak 12M was licence built from 1956 in Poland as the WSK 4 Okecie, or Jak 12M (Polish spelling of Russian name). From 1959, the Yak 12A was built in Poland (1,054 Jak 12Ms, 137 Jak 12As), most for export to the USSR. In 1958, further development of the Yak 12M was carried out in Poland, becoming the PZL 101 Gawron. The Yak 12 was also produced in China as Shenyang type 5.

Yak 12s first entered service in the Soviet Air Force as a liaison and artillery observation plane. Then, they were used also in the Soviet civilian aviation – mostly in the DOSAAF aero club for transport, pilot training, parachute training, and glider towing. They were also used as air ambulances and agricultural aircraft. Apart from the Soviet Union, Yak 12s were used in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia (civil and military), and Hungary (civil). Licence built Shenyangs were used in China and other countries. In some countries, including Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, the Russian name was transcribed as Jak 12. In the Polish Air Force, about 90 Yak 12s were used from 1951, as liaison, patrol, and general utility planes. Most were withdrawn in the 1970s, the last in the 1980s. Most were next handed over to civil aviation. In Poland, the first civilian model was acquired in 1952, and larger numbers were used from the 1960s (at least 79). They were used mostly in regional aeroclubs for pilot training, parachute training, transport, and glider towing. 21 were used as air ambulances. Some civil Yak 12s (mostly Yak 12A) remain in use in 2006. On July 12, 2012, a Yak 12 chartered by Canada's Kinross Gold Corporation, crashed shortly after takeoff from an airport in Nouakchott, Mauritania.

Metal construction (Yak 12R, M, A) or mixed construction (Yak 12) braced high wing monoplane, conventional in layout, metal and canvas covered. Wings fitted with flaps and slats (automatic slats in Yak 12R and A, or fixed in other variants). Four seat cabin (in early variants of Yak 12 – 2 or 3 seats). Conventional fixed landing gear with tail wheel. Single radial engine: 5 cylinder M 11FR (nominal power 104 kW/140 hp, take off power 118 kW/160 hp) – Yak 12 basic variant; 9 cylinder AI 14R (nominal power 161 kW/220 hp, take off power 191 kW/260 hp) – Yak 12R, M and A. Two blade propeller. Two fuel tanks in wings, 225 L (55 US gal) each.