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Содержание
Введение
История Италии в XX и XXI веках
20th and 21st century history of Italy
История Итальянской Республики охватывает события, связанные с историей Италии, произошедшие после 1946 года, когда Италия стала республикой по итогам итальянского институционального референдума 1946 года. История Итальянской Республики обычно делится на два периода: Первая и Вторая республики. После падения фашистского режима в Италии и окончания Второй мировой войны, с 1946 по 1994 год, итальянской политикой и обществом доминировала Христианская демократия (ДХ), широкая христианская политическая партия. С конца 1940-х годов до 1991 года оппозицию возглавляла Коммунистическая партия Италии (КПИ). Христианская демократия непрерывно находилась у власти в этот период, доминируя во всех кабинетах министров и предоставляя практически всех премьер-министров. Она управляла в основном при поддержке ряда небольших партий от левоцентристов до правоцентристов, включая Итальянскую социалистическую партию (ИСП), Итальянскую демократическую социалистическую партию (ИДСП), Итальянскую республиканскую партию (ИРП), Итальянскую либеральную партию (ИЛП) и даже крайне правые партии, такие как Итальянское социальное движение (ИСД). Коммунистическая партия была полностью исключена из правительства, за исключением кратковременного «Исторического компромисса», в рамках которого КПИ оказывала внешнюю поддержку правительству меньшинства ДХ с 1976 по 1979 год. Политическая ситуация радикально изменилась в начале 1990-х годов из-за двух крупных потрясений: распада Советского Союза в 1991 году и широкомасштабного коррупционного скандала «Тангентополи» с 1992 по 1994 год. Первый привел к роспуску и расколу КПИ и фрагментации оппозиции, а второй – к краху почти всех устоявшихся политических партий в Италии, включая Христианскую демократию, ИСП, ИДСП, ИРП, ИЛП и другие. Антисистемные настроения привели к проведению референдума в 1993 году, разрешившего реформировать избирательную систему с чисто пропорционального представительства на смешанную систему с преобладанием мажоритарной составляющей. Медиамагнат Сильвио Берлускони вошел в политику со своей консервативной партией «Forza Italia» и выиграл всеобщие выборы 1994 года, сформировав недолговечный кабинет Берлускони I. В последующие два десятилетия он стал одной из самых влиятельных фигур в Италии, вновь занимая пост премьер-министра с 2001 по 2006 год и с 2008 по 2011 год. Подъем нового консервативного правого крыла привел к консолидации старого центра и левых сил в коалицию «Оливковое дерево», состоящую из посткоммунистических «Демократов левых» и христианско-демократической партии «Маргаритка» («Дейзи»), которые вместе основали Демократическую партию (ДП) в 2007 году. Они конкурировали с правоцентристской коалицией Берлускони, состоящей из «Forza Italia», праворадикального Национального альянса и северно-итальянской регионалистской Северной лиги. Распад четвертого кабинета Берлускони в 2011 году привел к формированию технократического кабинета Монти, просуществовавшего до 2013 года. Продолжающееся недовольство способствовало подъему популистского Движения пяти звезд (ДПЗ) и Северной лиги (переименованной в Лигу). После всеобщих выборов в Италии в 2013 и 2018 годах были сформированы правительства широкой коалиции, на этот раз с участием популистских партий. Пандемия COVID-19 и связанные с ней экономические проблемы привели к формированию правительства национального единства во главе с Марио Драги, бывшим президентом Европейского центрального банка.
The history of the Italian Republic concerns the events relating to the history of Italy that have occurred since 1946, when Italy became a republic after the 1946 Italian institutional referendum. The Italian republican history is generally divided into two phases, the First and Second Republic. After the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy and the end of World War II, Italian politics and society were dominated by Christian Democracy (DC), a broad based Christian political party, from 1946 to 1994. From the late 1940s until 1991, the opposition was led by the Italian Communist Party (PCI). Christian Democracy governed uninterrupted during this period, dominating every cabinet and providing nearly every Prime Minister. It governed primarily with the support of an array of minor parties from the centre left to the centre right, including the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI), Italian Republican Party (PRI), and Italian Liberal Party (PLI), and even far right parties like the Italian Social Movement (MSI). The Communist Party was excluded entirely from government, with the partial exception of the short lived Historic Compromise, in which the PCI provided external support to a DC minority government from 1976 to 1979. The political situation was radically transformed in the early 1990s due to two major shocks: the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the wide reaching Tangentopoli corruption scandal from 1992 to 1994. The former caused the dissolution and split of the PCI and splintering of the opposition, while the latter led to the collapse of nearly every established political party in Italy, including Christian Democracy, the PSI, PSDI, PRI, PLI, and others. Anti establishment sentiment resulted in a 1993 referendum enabling the reform of the electoral system from pure proportional representation to a majoritarian leaning mixed system. Media magnate Silvio Berlusconi entered politics with his conservative Forza Italia party and won the 1994 general election, forming the short lived Berlusconi I Cabinet. He went on to become one of Italy's most important figures over the next two decades, serving as Prime Minister again from 2001 to 2006 and 2008 to 2011. The rise of the new conservative right saw the old centre and left consolidate into the Olive Tree coalition, comprising the post Communist Democrats of the Left and Christian democratic The Daisy, which together founded the Democratic Party (PD) in 2007. They competed against Berlusconi's centre right coalition, comprising Forza Italia, the right wing National Alliance, and northern Italian regionalist Northern League. The collapse of Berlusconi's fourth cabinet in 2011 resulted in the formation of the technocratic Monti Cabinet until 2013. Enduring dissatisfaction saw the rise of the populist Five Star Movement (M5S) and the Northern League (rebranded League, Lega). After the Italian general elections of 2013 and 2018, grand coalition governments were formed, this time with the participation of populist parties. The COVID 19 pandemic and its associated economic issues brought about a government of national unity led by Mario Draghi, the former president of the European Central Bank.
Вторая республика (1994 г. - настоящее время)
Выборы 1994 года знаменуют начало Второй республики. Это были первые выборы, в которых применялась новая мажоритарная избирательная система Mattarellum, принятая в 1993 году на смену пропорциональной системе, действовавшей с 1946 года. Переход от Первой к Второй республике представлял собой эволюцию политической системы, а не полную перестройку конституции, как это произошло во Франции, поскольку республиканская конституция и большинство институтов, за исключением избирательной системы, оставались в силе с 1948 года. Этот термин широко используется как в журналистике, так и в науке, чтобы подчеркнуть сравнение итальянской политической и институциональной структуры до и после периода 1992–1994 годов, а также его влияние на важные экономические аспекты.
The 1994 elections marks the beginning of the Second Republic. They were the first elections to use the new Mattarellum majoritarian voting system, adopted in 1993 to replace the proportional representation system that had been in use since 1946. The transition from the first to the second Republic represented a change within the political system, rather than an overhaul of the constitution, as happened in France, as the republican constitution and most of the institutions but the voting system remained the same in force since 1948. The term is commonly used, at a journalistic but also a scientific level, to emphasize the comparison of the Italian institutional political structure before and after the period 1992–1994, but also its reflection on important economic aspects.
Первое правительство Сильвио Берлускони (1994-1995)
На выборах 1994 года также к власти пришел медиа-магнат Сильвио Берлускони (лидер коалиции "Полюс свобод", в которую входили партия Forza Italia, регионалистская крайне правая партия "Лига Север" и крайне правый Национальный альянс); однако Берлускони был вынужден уйти в отставку в декабре 1994 года, когда "Лига Север" прекратила его поддерживать из-за разногласий по поводу пенсионной реформы. Правительство Берлускони сменило техническое правительство во главе с Ламберто Дини, который покинул пост в начале 1996 года.
The 1994 elections also swept media magnate Silvio Berlusconi (leader of the Pole of Freedoms coalition, which included Forza Italia, the regionalist far right Lega Nord party and the far right National Alliance), into office as Prime Minister; however, Berlusconi was forced to step down in December 1994 when Lega Nord withdrew support because they disagreed on the pension reform. The Berlusconi government was succeeded by a technical government headed by Lamberto Dini, who left office in early 1996.
Правительство Монти (20112013)
12 ноября 2011 года президент Джорджио Наполитано пригласил Марио Монти сформировать новое технократическое правительство после отставки Берлускони. Правительство Монти состояло из людей, не связанных с политикой, но получило очень широкую поддержку в парламенте, как со стороны правых, так и левых центристов; Северная лига оставалась в оппозиции. Монти приступил к реализации структурных реформ и сокращению государственных расходов.
On 12 November 2011, Mario Monti was invited by President Giorgio Napolitano to form a new technocratic government following Berlusconi's resignation. Monti's government was made up of non political figures but received very wide support in Parliament, both on the centre right and on the centre left; the Northern League was in opposition. Monti proceeded to implement structural reforms and to cut government expenses.
Коалиционные правительства (20132021)
После всеобщих выборов, состоявшихся 24 и 25 февраля 2013 года, левоцентристский альянс "Италия – общее благо" во главе с Демократической партией получил явное большинство мест в Палате депутатов благодаря мажоритарному бонусу, который фактически утроил количество мест, выделенных победившей силе, в то время как по результатам всенародного голосования он лишь незначительно обошел правоцентристский альянс бывшего премьер-министра Сильвио Берлускони. Вскоре после этого, третьей по влиянию силой стало новое антисистемное "Движение пяти звезд" комика Беппе Грилло, значительно опередившее центристскую коалицию действующего премьер-министра Марио Монти. В Сенате ни одна политическая группа или партия не получила абсолютного большинства, что привело к ситуации политического кризиса. 22 апреля 2013 года Президент Республики Джорджио Наполитано, после переизбрания и консультаций с политическими силами, поручил заместителю секретаря Демократической партии Энрико Летте сформировать правительство, поскольку Пьер Луиджи Берсани, лидер победившего левоцентристского альянса "Италия – общее благо", не смог этого сделать из-за отсутствия большинства в Сенате.
After the general election held on 24 and 25 February 2013, the centre left alliance Italy Common Good led by the Democratic Party obtained a clear majority of seats in the Chamber of Deputies, thanks to a majority bonus that has effectively trebled the number of seats assigned to the winning force, while in the popular vote it narrowly defeated the centre right alliance of former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. Close behind, the new anti establishment Five Star Movement of comedian Beppe Grillo became the third force, clearly ahead of the centrist coalition of outgoing Prime Minister Mario Monti. In the Senate, no political group or party won an outright majority, resulting in a hung parliament. On 22 April 2013, the President of the Republic, Giorgio Napolitano, after his re election and consultations with the political forces, gave to the vice secretary of the Democratic Party, Enrico Letta, the task of forming a government, because Pier Luigi Bersani, leader of the winning centre left coalition Italy Common Good, could not form a government because it did not have a majority in the Senate. thumb|Asylum seekers arrive in Sicily, 2015. The Arab Spring and the Syrian War caused a migrant crisis that saw hundred of thousands of boat people seeking refuge in Italy and other Mediterranean countries. In the European migrant crisis of the 2010s, Italy was the entry point and leading destination for most asylum seekers entering the EU. From 2013 to 2018, the country took in over 700,000 migrants and refugees, mainly from sub Saharan Africa, which caused strain on the public purse and a surge in the support for far right or Eurosceptic political parties. Letta's cabinet lasted until 22 February 2014, as the government fell apart after the Democratic Party retired its support of Letta in favour of Matteo Renzi, the mayor of Florence and nicknamed il Rottamatore ("The Scrapper", or "The Wrecker"). Renzi succeeded Letta as Prime Minister at the head of a new grand coalition government with Democratic Party, New Centre Right, Civic Choice, and a number of minor parties. The Renzi Cabinet is the youngest government of Italy up to date, with an average age of 47. In addition, it is also the first in which the number of female ministers is equal to the number of male ministers. On 31 January 2015 Sergio Mattarella, judge of the Constitutional Court, former DC minister and former member of the PD, was elected President of the Italian Republic at the fourth ballot with 665 votes out of 1,009, with support from the government parties, Left Ecology Freedom, and non party independents. Mattarella was officially endorsed by the Democratic Party, after his name was put forward by the Prime Minister Matteo Renzi. Mattarella replaced Giorgio Napolitano, who had served for nine years, the longest presidency in the history of the Italian Republic. The Renzi cabinet had several new laws passed: labour was reformed (Jobs act), same sex unions were recognized, and a new electoral system was approved (labelled Italicum). The latter, however, was eventually abolished by the Constitutional Court. The government also tried to amend the Constitution to reform the composition and powers of the Parliament: however, when the voters were called to confirm or reject the reform through referendum, the majority (59%) voted against it. thumb|left|Exhausted nurse takes a break in an Italian hospital during the COVID 19 emergency. Renzi and his government resigned and President Mattarella appointed new Prime Minister, Renzi's minister of Foreign Affairs Paolo Gentiloni, who led Italy until the 2018 Italian general election, where the first party of Parliament become the anti establishment Five Star Movement. Through an alliance with Matteo Salvini's eurosceptical Lega Nord, Five Star Movement proposed to President Mattarella the appointment of Giuseppe Conte as new Prime Minister of a coalition government. After a failed attempt, caused by the veto of President Mattarella to the appointment of Paolo Savona as Minister of Finance, Conte formed the new government (Conte I Cabinet). However, in August 2019, after the 2019 European Parliament election where Lega Nord exceeded the Five Star Movement, and the increase of the tension between the political parties, Lega Nord proposed a no confidence vote versus Conte, so the Prime Minister resigned. After new consultations, President Mattarella reappointed Conte as Prime Minister in a coalition government between the Five Star Movement and the Democratic Party, led by the new Secretary Nicola Zingaretti (Conte II Cabinet). In 2020, Italy was hit by the COVID 19 pandemic, along with several other countries. The Italian government implemented restrictive measures of social distancing and lockdown with the aim to slow down contagion. In January 2021, after some week of tension, the Conte II government lost the support of Italia Viva, the political party of former Prime Minister Renzi, so Conte, after some attempts to remain at the head of government, has to resign.
[[Файл:Sicily_refugees_2015.jpg|мини|Беженцы прибывают на Сицилию, 2015 год]]
After the general election held on 24 and 25 February 2013, the centre left alliance Italy Common Good led by the Democratic Party obtained a clear majority of seats in the Chamber of Deputies, thanks to a majority bonus that has effectively trebled the number of seats assigned to the winning force, while in the popular vote it narrowly defeated the centre right alliance of former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. Close behind, the new anti establishment Five Star Movement of comedian Beppe Grillo became the third force, clearly ahead of the centrist coalition of outgoing Prime Minister Mario Monti. In the Senate, no political group or party won an outright majority, resulting in a hung parliament. On 22 April 2013, the President of the Republic, Giorgio Napolitano, after his re election and consultations with the political forces, gave to the vice secretary of the Democratic Party, Enrico Letta, the task of forming a government, because Pier Luigi Bersani, leader of the winning centre left coalition Italy Common Good, could not form a government because it did not have a majority in the Senate. thumb|Asylum seekers arrive in Sicily, 2015. The Arab Spring and the Syrian War caused a migrant crisis that saw hundred of thousands of boat people seeking refuge in Italy and other Mediterranean countries. In the European migrant crisis of the 2010s, Italy was the entry point and leading destination for most asylum seekers entering the EU. From 2013 to 2018, the country took in over 700,000 migrants and refugees, mainly from sub Saharan Africa, which caused strain on the public purse and a surge in the support for far right or Eurosceptic political parties. Letta's cabinet lasted until 22 February 2014, as the government fell apart after the Democratic Party retired its support of Letta in favour of Matteo Renzi, the mayor of Florence and nicknamed il Rottamatore ("The Scrapper", or "The Wrecker"). Renzi succeeded Letta as Prime Minister at the head of a new grand coalition government with Democratic Party, New Centre Right, Civic Choice, and a number of minor parties. The Renzi Cabinet is the youngest government of Italy up to date, with an average age of 47. In addition, it is also the first in which the number of female ministers is equal to the number of male ministers. On 31 January 2015 Sergio Mattarella, judge of the Constitutional Court, former DC minister and former member of the PD, was elected President of the Italian Republic at the fourth ballot with 665 votes out of 1,009, with support from the government parties, Left Ecology Freedom, and non party independents. Mattarella was officially endorsed by the Democratic Party, after his name was put forward by the Prime Minister Matteo Renzi. Mattarella replaced Giorgio Napolitano, who had served for nine years, the longest presidency in the history of the Italian Republic. The Renzi cabinet had several new laws passed: labour was reformed (Jobs act), same sex unions were recognized, and a new electoral system was approved (labelled Italicum). The latter, however, was eventually abolished by the Constitutional Court. The government also tried to amend the Constitution to reform the composition and powers of the Parliament: however, when the voters were called to confirm or reject the reform through referendum, the majority (59%) voted against it. thumb|left|Exhausted nurse takes a break in an Italian hospital during the COVID 19 emergency. Renzi and his government resigned and President Mattarella appointed new Prime Minister, Renzi's minister of Foreign Affairs Paolo Gentiloni, who led Italy until the 2018 Italian general election, where the first party of Parliament become the anti establishment Five Star Movement. Through an alliance with Matteo Salvini's eurosceptical Lega Nord, Five Star Movement proposed to President Mattarella the appointment of Giuseppe Conte as new Prime Minister of a coalition government. After a failed attempt, caused by the veto of President Mattarella to the appointment of Paolo Savona as Minister of Finance, Conte formed the new government (Conte I Cabinet). However, in August 2019, after the 2019 European Parliament election where Lega Nord exceeded the Five Star Movement, and the increase of the tension between the political parties, Lega Nord proposed a no confidence vote versus Conte, so the Prime Minister resigned. After new consultations, President Mattarella reappointed Conte as Prime Minister in a coalition government between the Five Star Movement and the Democratic Party, led by the new Secretary Nicola Zingaretti (Conte II Cabinet). In 2020, Italy was hit by the COVID 19 pandemic, along with several other countries. The Italian government implemented restrictive measures of social distancing and lockdown with the aim to slow down contagion. In January 2021, after some week of tension, the Conte II government lost the support of Italia Viva, the political party of former Prime Minister Renzi, so Conte, after some attempts to remain at the head of government, has to resign.
Арабская весна и сирийская война спровоцировали миграционный кризис, в результате которого сотни тысяч людей, прибывавших морским путем, искали убежище в Италии и других странах Средиземноморья. В европейском миграционном кризисе 2010-х годов Италия стала основной точкой въезда и конечным пунктом назначения для большинства просителей убежища, прибывающих в ЕС. С 2013 по 2018 год страна приняла более 700 000 мигрантов и беженцев, преимущественно из стран Африки к югу от Сахары, что создало нагрузку на государственную казну и привело к росту поддержки крайне правых и евроскептических политических партий. Кабинет Летты просуществовал до 22 февраля 2014 года, когда правительство распалось после того, как Демократическая партия отозвала поддержку Летте в пользу Маттео Ренци, мэра Флоренции, получившего прозвище *il Rottamatore* ("Скребщик" или "Разрушитель"). Ренци сменил Летту на посту премьер-министра во главе нового широкого коалиционного правительства, в которое вошли Демократическая партия, "Новый правоцентр", "Гражданский выбор" и ряд небольших партий. Кабинет Ренци стал самым молодым правительством Италии на сегодняшний день, со средним возрастом 47 лет. Кроме того, это первое правительство, в котором число женщин-министров равно числу мужчин-министров. 31 января 2015 года Серджио Маттарелла, судья Конституционного суда, бывший министр Христианско-демократического союза и бывший член Демократической партии, был избран Президентом Итальянской Республики в четвертом туре голосования, получив 665 голосов из 1009 при поддержке правительственных партий, "Левых экологов и свободы" и беспартийных. Маттарелла был официально поддержан Демократической партией после того, как его кандидатуру выдвинул премьер-министр Маттео Ренци. Маттарелла сменил Джорджио Наполитано, который занимал пост президента в течение девяти лет – самый продолжительный срок в истории Итальянской Республики. Кабинет Ренци принял ряд новых законов: была проведена реформа трудового законодательства ("Jobs Act"), были признаны однополые союзы и утверждена новая избирательная система ("Italicum"). Однако последняя впоследствии была отменена Конституционным судом. Правительство также пыталось внести поправки в Конституцию с целью реформирования состава и полномочий парламента, но когда избирателям было предложено подтвердить или отклонить реформу на референдуме, большинство (59%) проголосовало против нее.
After the general election held on 24 and 25 February 2013, the centre left alliance Italy Common Good led by the Democratic Party obtained a clear majority of seats in the Chamber of Deputies, thanks to a majority bonus that has effectively trebled the number of seats assigned to the winning force, while in the popular vote it narrowly defeated the centre right alliance of former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. Close behind, the new anti establishment Five Star Movement of comedian Beppe Grillo became the third force, clearly ahead of the centrist coalition of outgoing Prime Minister Mario Monti. In the Senate, no political group or party won an outright majority, resulting in a hung parliament. On 22 April 2013, the President of the Republic, Giorgio Napolitano, after his re election and consultations with the political forces, gave to the vice secretary of the Democratic Party, Enrico Letta, the task of forming a government, because Pier Luigi Bersani, leader of the winning centre left coalition Italy Common Good, could not form a government because it did not have a majority in the Senate. thumb|Asylum seekers arrive in Sicily, 2015. The Arab Spring and the Syrian War caused a migrant crisis that saw hundred of thousands of boat people seeking refuge in Italy and other Mediterranean countries. In the European migrant crisis of the 2010s, Italy was the entry point and leading destination for most asylum seekers entering the EU. From 2013 to 2018, the country took in over 700,000 migrants and refugees, mainly from sub Saharan Africa, which caused strain on the public purse and a surge in the support for far right or Eurosceptic political parties. Letta's cabinet lasted until 22 February 2014, as the government fell apart after the Democratic Party retired its support of Letta in favour of Matteo Renzi, the mayor of Florence and nicknamed il Rottamatore ("The Scrapper", or "The Wrecker"). Renzi succeeded Letta as Prime Minister at the head of a new grand coalition government with Democratic Party, New Centre Right, Civic Choice, and a number of minor parties. The Renzi Cabinet is the youngest government of Italy up to date, with an average age of 47. In addition, it is also the first in which the number of female ministers is equal to the number of male ministers. On 31 January 2015 Sergio Mattarella, judge of the Constitutional Court, former DC minister and former member of the PD, was elected President of the Italian Republic at the fourth ballot with 665 votes out of 1,009, with support from the government parties, Left Ecology Freedom, and non party independents. Mattarella was officially endorsed by the Democratic Party, after his name was put forward by the Prime Minister Matteo Renzi. Mattarella replaced Giorgio Napolitano, who had served for nine years, the longest presidency in the history of the Italian Republic. The Renzi cabinet had several new laws passed: labour was reformed (Jobs act), same sex unions were recognized, and a new electoral system was approved (labelled Italicum). The latter, however, was eventually abolished by the Constitutional Court. The government also tried to amend the Constitution to reform the composition and powers of the Parliament: however, when the voters were called to confirm or reject the reform through referendum, the majority (59%) voted against it. thumb|left|Exhausted nurse takes a break in an Italian hospital during the COVID 19 emergency. Renzi and his government resigned and President Mattarella appointed new Prime Minister, Renzi's minister of Foreign Affairs Paolo Gentiloni, who led Italy until the 2018 Italian general election, where the first party of Parliament become the anti establishment Five Star Movement. Through an alliance with Matteo Salvini's eurosceptical Lega Nord, Five Star Movement proposed to President Mattarella the appointment of Giuseppe Conte as new Prime Minister of a coalition government. After a failed attempt, caused by the veto of President Mattarella to the appointment of Paolo Savona as Minister of Finance, Conte formed the new government (Conte I Cabinet). However, in August 2019, after the 2019 European Parliament election where Lega Nord exceeded the Five Star Movement, and the increase of the tension between the political parties, Lega Nord proposed a no confidence vote versus Conte, so the Prime Minister resigned. After new consultations, President Mattarella reappointed Conte as Prime Minister in a coalition government between the Five Star Movement and the Democratic Party, led by the new Secretary Nicola Zingaretti (Conte II Cabinet). In 2020, Italy was hit by the COVID 19 pandemic, along with several other countries. The Italian government implemented restrictive measures of social distancing and lockdown with the aim to slow down contagion. In January 2021, after some week of tension, the Conte II government lost the support of Italia Viva, the political party of former Prime Minister Renzi, so Conte, after some attempts to remain at the head of government, has to resign.
[[Файл:COVID-19_emergency_Italian_hospital.jpg|left|мини|Измученная медсестра делает перерыв в итальянской больнице во время чрезвычайной ситуации, связанной с COVID-19]]
After the general election held on 24 and 25 February 2013, the centre left alliance Italy Common Good led by the Democratic Party obtained a clear majority of seats in the Chamber of Deputies, thanks to a majority bonus that has effectively trebled the number of seats assigned to the winning force, while in the popular vote it narrowly defeated the centre right alliance of former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. Close behind, the new anti establishment Five Star Movement of comedian Beppe Grillo became the third force, clearly ahead of the centrist coalition of outgoing Prime Minister Mario Monti. In the Senate, no political group or party won an outright majority, resulting in a hung parliament. On 22 April 2013, the President of the Republic, Giorgio Napolitano, after his re election and consultations with the political forces, gave to the vice secretary of the Democratic Party, Enrico Letta, the task of forming a government, because Pier Luigi Bersani, leader of the winning centre left coalition Italy Common Good, could not form a government because it did not have a majority in the Senate. thumb|Asylum seekers arrive in Sicily, 2015. The Arab Spring and the Syrian War caused a migrant crisis that saw hundred of thousands of boat people seeking refuge in Italy and other Mediterranean countries. In the European migrant crisis of the 2010s, Italy was the entry point and leading destination for most asylum seekers entering the EU. From 2013 to 2018, the country took in over 700,000 migrants and refugees, mainly from sub Saharan Africa, which caused strain on the public purse and a surge in the support for far right or Eurosceptic political parties. Letta's cabinet lasted until 22 February 2014, as the government fell apart after the Democratic Party retired its support of Letta in favour of Matteo Renzi, the mayor of Florence and nicknamed il Rottamatore ("The Scrapper", or "The Wrecker"). Renzi succeeded Letta as Prime Minister at the head of a new grand coalition government with Democratic Party, New Centre Right, Civic Choice, and a number of minor parties. The Renzi Cabinet is the youngest government of Italy up to date, with an average age of 47. In addition, it is also the first in which the number of female ministers is equal to the number of male ministers. On 31 January 2015 Sergio Mattarella, judge of the Constitutional Court, former DC minister and former member of the PD, was elected President of the Italian Republic at the fourth ballot with 665 votes out of 1,009, with support from the government parties, Left Ecology Freedom, and non party independents. Mattarella was officially endorsed by the Democratic Party, after his name was put forward by the Prime Minister Matteo Renzi. Mattarella replaced Giorgio Napolitano, who had served for nine years, the longest presidency in the history of the Italian Republic. The Renzi cabinet had several new laws passed: labour was reformed (Jobs act), same sex unions were recognized, and a new electoral system was approved (labelled Italicum). The latter, however, was eventually abolished by the Constitutional Court. The government also tried to amend the Constitution to reform the composition and powers of the Parliament: however, when the voters were called to confirm or reject the reform through referendum, the majority (59%) voted against it. thumb|left|Exhausted nurse takes a break in an Italian hospital during the COVID 19 emergency. Renzi and his government resigned and President Mattarella appointed new Prime Minister, Renzi's minister of Foreign Affairs Paolo Gentiloni, who led Italy until the 2018 Italian general election, where the first party of Parliament become the anti establishment Five Star Movement. Through an alliance with Matteo Salvini's eurosceptical Lega Nord, Five Star Movement proposed to President Mattarella the appointment of Giuseppe Conte as new Prime Minister of a coalition government. After a failed attempt, caused by the veto of President Mattarella to the appointment of Paolo Savona as Minister of Finance, Conte formed the new government (Conte I Cabinet). However, in August 2019, after the 2019 European Parliament election where Lega Nord exceeded the Five Star Movement, and the increase of the tension between the political parties, Lega Nord proposed a no confidence vote versus Conte, so the Prime Minister resigned. After new consultations, President Mattarella reappointed Conte as Prime Minister in a coalition government between the Five Star Movement and the Democratic Party, led by the new Secretary Nicola Zingaretti (Conte II Cabinet). In 2020, Italy was hit by the COVID 19 pandemic, along with several other countries. The Italian government implemented restrictive measures of social distancing and lockdown with the aim to slow down contagion. In January 2021, after some week of tension, the Conte II government lost the support of Italia Viva, the political party of former Prime Minister Renzi, so Conte, after some attempts to remain at the head of government, has to resign.
Ренци и его правительство ушли в отставку, и Президент Маттарелла назначил новым премьер-министром Паоло Джентилони, министра иностранных дел в правительстве Ренци, который возглавлял Италию до всеобщих выборов 2018 года, на которых первой партией в парламенте стало антисистемное "Движение пяти звезд". Благодаря союзу с евроскептической "Лигой Севера" Маттео Сальвини, "Движение пяти звезд" предложило Президенту Маттарелле кандидатуру Джузеппе Конте на пост нового премьер-министра коалиционного правительства. После неудачной попытки, вызванной вето Президента Маттареллы на назначение Паоло Савоны министром финансов, Конте сформировал новое правительство (Кабинет Конте I). Однако в августе 2019 года, после выборов в Европейский парламент 2019 года, на которых "Лига Севера" обошла "Движение пяти звезд", и на фоне роста напряженности между политическими партиями, "Лига Севера" инициировала вотум недоверия правительству Конте, в результате чего премьер-министр подал в отставку. После новых консультаций Президент Маттарелла вновь назначил Конте премьер-министром в коалиционном правительстве между "Движением пяти звезд" и Демократической партией под руководством нового секретаря Никола Дзингаретти (Кабинет Конте II). В 2020 году Италию, наряду с рядом других стран, поразила пандемия COVID-19. Итальянское правительство ввело ограничительные меры социального дистанцирования и карантина с целью замедления распространения инфекции. В январе 2021 года, после нескольких недель напряженности, правительство Конте II потеряло поддержку "Italia Viva", политической партии бывшего премьер-министра Ренци, в результате чего Конте, после нескольких попыток остаться у власти, был вынужден подать в отставку.
After the general election held on 24 and 25 February 2013, the centre left alliance Italy Common Good led by the Democratic Party obtained a clear majority of seats in the Chamber of Deputies, thanks to a majority bonus that has effectively trebled the number of seats assigned to the winning force, while in the popular vote it narrowly defeated the centre right alliance of former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. Close behind, the new anti establishment Five Star Movement of comedian Beppe Grillo became the third force, clearly ahead of the centrist coalition of outgoing Prime Minister Mario Monti. In the Senate, no political group or party won an outright majority, resulting in a hung parliament. On 22 April 2013, the President of the Republic, Giorgio Napolitano, after his re election and consultations with the political forces, gave to the vice secretary of the Democratic Party, Enrico Letta, the task of forming a government, because Pier Luigi Bersani, leader of the winning centre left coalition Italy Common Good, could not form a government because it did not have a majority in the Senate. thumb|Asylum seekers arrive in Sicily, 2015. The Arab Spring and the Syrian War caused a migrant crisis that saw hundred of thousands of boat people seeking refuge in Italy and other Mediterranean countries. In the European migrant crisis of the 2010s, Italy was the entry point and leading destination for most asylum seekers entering the EU. From 2013 to 2018, the country took in over 700,000 migrants and refugees, mainly from sub Saharan Africa, which caused strain on the public purse and a surge in the support for far right or Eurosceptic political parties. Letta's cabinet lasted until 22 February 2014, as the government fell apart after the Democratic Party retired its support of Letta in favour of Matteo Renzi, the mayor of Florence and nicknamed il Rottamatore ("The Scrapper", or "The Wrecker"). Renzi succeeded Letta as Prime Minister at the head of a new grand coalition government with Democratic Party, New Centre Right, Civic Choice, and a number of minor parties. The Renzi Cabinet is the youngest government of Italy up to date, with an average age of 47. In addition, it is also the first in which the number of female ministers is equal to the number of male ministers. On 31 January 2015 Sergio Mattarella, judge of the Constitutional Court, former DC minister and former member of the PD, was elected President of the Italian Republic at the fourth ballot with 665 votes out of 1,009, with support from the government parties, Left Ecology Freedom, and non party independents. Mattarella was officially endorsed by the Democratic Party, after his name was put forward by the Prime Minister Matteo Renzi. Mattarella replaced Giorgio Napolitano, who had served for nine years, the longest presidency in the history of the Italian Republic. The Renzi cabinet had several new laws passed: labour was reformed (Jobs act), same sex unions were recognized, and a new electoral system was approved (labelled Italicum). The latter, however, was eventually abolished by the Constitutional Court. The government also tried to amend the Constitution to reform the composition and powers of the Parliament: however, when the voters were called to confirm or reject the reform through referendum, the majority (59%) voted against it. thumb|left|Exhausted nurse takes a break in an Italian hospital during the COVID 19 emergency. Renzi and his government resigned and President Mattarella appointed new Prime Minister, Renzi's minister of Foreign Affairs Paolo Gentiloni, who led Italy until the 2018 Italian general election, where the first party of Parliament become the anti establishment Five Star Movement. Through an alliance with Matteo Salvini's eurosceptical Lega Nord, Five Star Movement proposed to President Mattarella the appointment of Giuseppe Conte as new Prime Minister of a coalition government. After a failed attempt, caused by the veto of President Mattarella to the appointment of Paolo Savona as Minister of Finance, Conte formed the new government (Conte I Cabinet). However, in August 2019, after the 2019 European Parliament election where Lega Nord exceeded the Five Star Movement, and the increase of the tension between the political parties, Lega Nord proposed a no confidence vote versus Conte, so the Prime Minister resigned. After new consultations, President Mattarella reappointed Conte as Prime Minister in a coalition government between the Five Star Movement and the Democratic Party, led by the new Secretary Nicola Zingaretti (Conte II Cabinet). In 2020, Italy was hit by the COVID 19 pandemic, along with several other countries. The Italian government implemented restrictive measures of social distancing and lockdown with the aim to slow down contagion. In January 2021, after some week of tension, the Conte II government lost the support of Italia Viva, the political party of former Prime Minister Renzi, so Conte, after some attempts to remain at the head of government, has to resign.