Японско-британские отношения: история и современность

Japan–United Kingdom relations (日英関係) are the bilateral and diplomatic relations between Japan and the United Kingdom.

The history of the relationship between Japan and England began in 1600 with the arrival of William Adams (Adams the Pilot, Miura Anjin), (the first of very few non Japanese samurai) on the shores of Kyushu at Usuki in Ōita Prefecture. During the Sakoku period (1641–1853), there were no formal relations between the two countries. The Dutch served as intermediaries. The treaty of 1854 began formal diplomatic ties, which improved to become a formal alliance 1902–1922. The British dominions pressured Britain to end the alliance. Relations deteriorated rapidly in the 1930s, over the Japanese invasions of Manchuria and China, and the cutoff of oil supplies in 1941. Japan declared war in December 1941 and seized Hong Kong, British Borneo (with its oil), and Malaya, causing the two nations to engage in a bloody conflict for the next four years. With overwhelming force, the Japanese sank much of the British fleet and forced the surrender of Singapore, capturing many prisoners. However, the British eventually pushed them back once they reached the outskirts of India. Relations improved in the 1950s–1970s, and as memories of the conflict faded, became warm. On 3 May 2011, British Foreign Secretary William Hague said that Japan is "one of [Britain]'s closest partners in Asia". Japan, the United Kingdom, and Italy are planning to establish a control tower for the joint development of a next generation fighter jet by fiscal 2024.

1577. Richard Wylles writes about the people, customs and manners of Giapan in the History of Travel published in London. 1580. Richard Hakluyt advises the first English merchants to find a new trade route via the Northwest passage to trade wool for silver with Japan (sending two Barque ships, the George piloted by Arthur Pet and William by Charles Jackman) which returned unsuccessfully by Christmas the same year. 1587. Two young Japanese men named Christopher and Cosmas sailed on a Spanish galleon to California, where their ship was captured by Thomas Cavendish. Cavendish brought the two Japanese men with him to England where they spent approximately three years before going again with him on his last expedition to the South Atlantic where they were heading to Japan to begin trade relations. They are the first known Japanese men to have set foot in the British Isles. 1593. Richard Hawkins leaves England on board the Dainty in a bid to discover the 'Iſlands of Japan' via the Magellan Strait in 1594, the very route William Adams would take himself in 1599. Hawkins however was captured by the Spanish at Peru, only returning in 1603 after a ransom of £12,000 was paid by his mother for his release.

1600. William Adams, a seaman from Gillingham, Kent, was the first English adventurer to arrive in Japan. Acting as an advisor to the Tokugawa shōgun, he was renamed Miura Anjin, granted a house and land, and spent the rest of his life in his adopted country. He also became one of the first English samurai. 1605. John Davis, the famous English explorer, was killed by Japanese pirates off the coast of Thailand, thus becoming the first known Englishman to be killed by a Japanese. 1613. Following an invitation from William Adams in Japan, the English captain John Saris arrived at Hirado Island in the ship Clove with the intent of establishing a trading factory. Adams and Saris travelled to Suruga Province where they met with Tokugawa Ieyasu at his principal residence in September before moving on to Edo where they met Ieyasu's son Hidetada. During that meeting, Hidetada gave Saris two varnished suits of armour for King James I, today housed in the Tower of London. On their way back, they visited Tokugawa once more, who conferred trading privileges on the English through a Red Seal permit giving them "free licence to abide, buy, sell and barter" in Japan. The English party headed back to Hirado Island on 9 October 1613. However, during the ten year activity of the company between 1613 and 1623, apart from the first ship (Clove in 1613), only three other English ships brought cargoes directly from London to Japan. 1623. The Amboyna massacre was perpetrated by the Dutch East India Company. After the incident England closed its commercial base at Hirado Island, now in Nagasaki Prefecture, without notifying Japan. After this, the relationship ended for more than two centuries. 1625. A number of documents including the Iaponian Charter, are the first published translated Japanese documents into English by Samuel Purchas.

1639. Tokugawa Iemitsu announced his Sakoku policy. Only the Dutch Republic was permitted to retain limited trade rights. 1640. Uriemon Eaton the son of William Eaton (a worker at the EIC post in Japan) and Kamezo (a Japanese woman), becomes the first Japanese to join Academia in England as a scholar at Trinity College, Cambridge. 1646. Robert Dudley publishes a detailed original map of Japan and Yezo in his Secrets of the Sea treatise, based on the Mercator Projection. 1668. 25 February. Henry Oldenburg addresses the Royal Society on the letters of Richard Cocks, particularly noting English trading privileges from the time of Cocks, striking new interest in trade with Japan in England. Based on this new interest, surviving member of the original factory William Eaton (fl.1613 1668), was contacted in order to reopen trade between England and Japan. 1670. John Ogilby publishes the first translation of Atlas Japanensis in London, reprinted in 1671 & 1673. 1670. The EIC factories are set up at modern day Taiwan (1670–1685) after Koxinqa invites the British to set up a factory. 1672. Tongking EIC factory begins operations (along with 'Tywan') with the intention by the British to be used as bases for further trade with Japan. 1673. An English ship named Returner visited Nagasaki harbour with factors from the first Hirado factory, and asked for a renewal of trading relations. But the Edo shogunate refused after Dutch prompting. The government cited the withdrawal 50 years earlier, and found it unacceptable that the English king had married the Portuguese Catherine of Braganza, claiming the English to favour the Roman Catholic Church. 1683. Molly Verney begins learning Japanning as a handicraft in London. 1703. James Cunninghame FRS attempts to initiate trade with Japan from Cochinchina and the chaplain James Pound in his service notes of VOC activity in Japan until they are attacked by locals in 1705. 1713. Daniel Defoe writes of William Adams and his 'famous voyage to Japan' in his satire Memoirs of Count Tariff. 1723 25. Hans Sloane send the English court physician Johann Georg Steigerthal to Lemgo to retrieve Engelbert Kaempfer's East Asian collection for his personal library. 1727. Johann Caspar Scheuchzer translates and publishes the first edition of Engelbert Kaempfers History of Japan in London. 1731. Arthur Dobbs advocates the finding of the North West Passage to 'be able to send a Squadron of ships, Even to force Japan into a Beneficial Treaty of Commerce with Britain.' 1740. Robert Petre, 8th Baron Petre imports the first Camellia japonica into England. 1741. The Middleton Expedition is launched to find the Northwest Passage with orders to not engage 'Japanese ships' until the following year should they come across one, with plans halting to trade or settle Japan owing to the circumstances surrounding the Seven Years' War. 1745. Thomas Astley reprints by popular demand the Logbook of William Adams in his A New General Collection of Voyages and Travels ; in Europe, Asia, Africa and America under Nippon. 1753. 50 Japanese objects from the Sloane collection acquired by Kaempfer during his residence in Japan are bequeathed to the British Museum. 1791. James Colnett sails HMS Argonaut from Canton to Japan becoming the second unsuccessful attempt at trade with Sakoku Japan. 1796. William Robert Broughton surveys the North western coast of Japan, becoming shipwrecked on the coast of Miyako jima. 1808. The Nagasaki Harbour Incident: enters Nagasaki and lays an unsuccessful ambush on Dutch shipping. 1812. The British whaler HMS Saracen (1812) stopped at Uraga, Kanagawa and took on water, food, and firewood. 1813. Thomas Raffles attempts trade with Japan under a British flag to oust Dutch trade monopoly, only for the ooperhoofd to fly the ships under Dutch colours, being rescinded by Governor General of India on the basis of excessive expense in 1814, also finally being halted in May 1815 by Raffles after the handover of the British colony of Java to the Dutch. 1819. The third British ship 'The Brothers' piloted by Captain Peter Gordon, visited Uraga on 17 June seeking to trade with Japan, unsuccessful at Edo to get any treaty. 1819. August 3. The first British Whaler HMS Syren begins to exploit the Japan whaling grounds. 1824. 12 English whalers stray ashore looking for food and are apprehended by Aizawa Seishisai leading to new repulsion acts against foreign vessels. 1830. The convict crew of the Cyprus piloted by William Swallow are repelled under the repulsion acts of 1825. 1831. Discussions are held at the British East India Company to hold a base on the Bonin Islands to trade with Japan and the Ryukyuu Archipelago. 1832. Otokichi, Kyukichi and Iwakichi, castaways from Aichi Prefecture, crossed the Pacific and were shipwrecked on the west coast of North America. The three Japanese men became famous in the Pacific Northwest and probably inspired Ranald MacDonald to go to Japan. They joined a trading ship to the UK, and later Macau. One of them, Otokichi, took British citizenship and adopted the name John Matthew Ottoson. He later made two visits to Japan as an interpreter for the Royal Navy. 1840. Indian Oak becomes shipwrecked off the coast of Okinawa and a junk is built by Okinawan peoples for the survivors. 1842. On the basis of the British naval victory at the First Opium War, the Repel Edicts are renounced by the Bakufu. 1843. Herbert Clifford founds the Loochoo Naval Mission. 1850. Bishop Smith arrives at Ryukyu to carry out missionary work. 1852. Charles MacFarlane publishes Japan: An Account, Geographical and Historical, from the Earliest Period at which the Islands Composing this Empire Were Known to Europeans, Down to the Present Time, and the Expedition fitted out in the United States, which surmises all known European accounts of Japan and travels to Japan before the Ansei Treaties.

1854. 14 October. The first limited Anglo Japanese Friendship Treaty was signed by Admiral Sir James Stirling and representatives of the Tokugawa shogunate (Bakufu). 1855. In an effort to find the Russian fleet in the Pacific Ocean during the Crimean war, a French British naval force reached the port of Hakodate, which was open to British ships as a result of the Friendship Treaty of 1854, and sailed further north, seizing the Russian American Company's possessions on the island of Urup in the Kuril archipelago. The Treaty of Paris (1856) restitutes the island to Russia. 1858. 26 August. The Anglo Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce was signed by the Scotsman Lord Elgin and representatives of the Tokugawa shogunate for Japan, after the Harris Treaty was concluded. Britain obtained extraterritorial rights on Japanese with the British Supreme Court for China and Japan, in Shanghai. A British iron paddle schooner named Enpiroru was presented to the Tokugawa administration by Bruce as a present for the Emperor from Queen Victoria. 1859. Merchant Thomas Blake Glover arrives in Japan via China. 1861. The Tsushima Incident occurs which sees the British repel a Russian naval vessel from invading Tsushima on request from the Bakufu. 1861. 5 July. The British legation in Edo was attacked. 1862. The shōgun sends the First Japanese Embassy to Europe, led by Takenouchi Yasunori. 1862. 14 September. The Namamugi Incident occurred within a week of the arrival of Ernest Satow in Japan. 1862–75. British Military Garrison established at Yamate, Yokohama. 1863. The Chōshū Five began their education at University College London under the guidance of Professor Alexander William Williamson. 1863. Bombardment of Kagoshima by the Royal Navy. (Anglo Satsuma War). 1864. Bombardment of Shimonoseki by Britain, France, the Netherlands and the United States. 1865. With the influx of Japanese imports, artists such as Rossetti and Crane began to be influenced by Japanese objects and Ukiyo e prints. 1865. The Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank (HSBC) from Britain was established in Hong Kong. 1865. Chōshū Domain bought the warship Union from Glover and Co., an agency of Jardine Matheson established in Nagasaki, in the name of Satsuma Domain which was not against the Tokugawa shogunate then. 1866 HSBC established a Japanese branch in Yokohama. 1867. The Icarus affair, an incident involving the murder of two British sailors in Nagasaki, leading to increased diplomatic tensions between Britain and the Tokugawa shogunate. 1868. Coup d'état by Chōshū Domain and Satsuma Domain achieved the Meiji Restoration. 1869. Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh becomes the first European prince to visit Japan arriving on on 4 September 1869. Audience with the Emperor Meiji in Tokyo. 1872. The Iwakura mission visited Britain as part of a diplomatic and investigative tour of the United States and Europe. 1873. The Imperial College of Engineering opened with Henry Dyer as principal. 1879 British Court for Japan was established in Yokohama. 1880. Japan government established Yokohama Specie Bank for only foreign transaction bank in Japan, with the support of HSBC. 1881. Azusa Ono suggests using the British model for the new Japanese constitution. 1886. Normanton incident British merchant vessel sinks off the coast of Wakayama Prefecture. Crew escape while 25 Japanese passengers perish. Widespread Japanese public outrage as subsequent Board of Enquiry under extraterritorial court finds the British crew not guilty. The case is later reopened, and the crew are given three month sentences. 1885–87. Japanese exhibition at Knightsbridge, London. 1887–89. Jurist Francis Taylor Piggott, the son of ex MP Jasper Wilson Johns, was inaugurated as a legislational consultant for Itō Hirobumi, then and the first Prime Minister of Japan. 1890. Government of Japan established the Constitution of Imperial Japan which House of Peers was not come with Universal suffrage. 1891. The Japan Society of London is founded by Arthur Diosy. 1894. The Anglo Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation was signed in London on 16 July. The treaty abolished extraterritoriality in Japan for British subjects with effect from 17 July 1899. 1899. Extraterritorial rights for British subjects in Japan came to an end. 1900. (January). Last sitting of the British Court for Japan.

1902. The Japanese–British alliance was signed in London on 30 January. It was a diplomatic milestone that saw an end to Britain's splendid isolation, and removed the need for Britain to build up its navy in the Pacific. 1905. The Japanese–British alliance was renewed and expanded. Official diplomatic relations were upgraded, with ambassadors being exchanged for the first time. 1907. In July, British thread company J. & P. Coats launched Teikoku Seishi and began to thrive. 1908. The Japan British Society was founded in order to foster cultural and social understanding. 1909. Fushimi Sadanaru returns to Britain to convey the thanks of the Japanese government for British advice and assistance during the Russo Japanese War. 1910. Sadanaru represents Japan at the state funeral of Edward VII, and meets the new king George V at Buckingham Palace. 1910. The Japan–British Exhibition is held at Shepherd's Bush in London. Japan made a successful effort to display its new status as a great power by emphasizing its new role as a colonial power in Asia. 1911. The Japanese – British alliance was renewed with approval of the quasi independent dominions (i. e. at the time, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Newfoundland and South Africa). 1913. The IJN Kongō, the last of the British built warships for Japan's navy, enters service. 1914–1915. Japan joined World War I as Britain's ally under the terms of the alliance and captured German occupied Tsingtao (Qingdao) in China Mainland. They also help Australia and New Zealand capture archipelagos like the Marshall Islands and the Mariana Islands. 1915. The Twenty One Demands would have given Japan varying degrees of control over all of China, and would have prohibited European powers from extending their influence in China any further. It is eventually scrapped. 1917. The Imperial Japanese Navy helps the Royal Navy and allied navies patrol the Mediterranean against Central Powers ships. 1917–1935. Close relationships between the two country steadily worsens. 1919. Japan proposes a racial equality clause in negotiations to form the League of Nations, calling for "making no distinction, either in law or in fact, on account of their race or nationality." Britain, which supports the racially discriminatory laws in the dominions, such as the White Australia policy, cannot assent, and the proposal is rejected. 1921. Britain indicates it will not renew the Anglo Japanese Alliance of 1902 primarily because of opposition from the United States and also Canada. 1921. Crown Prince Hirohito visited Britain and other Western European countries. It was the first time that a Japanese crown prince had traveled overseas. 1921. Arrival in September of the Sempill Mission in Japan, a British technical mission for the development of Japanese Aero naval forces. It provided the Japanese with flying lessons and advice on building aircraft carriers; the British aviation experts kept close watch on Japan after that. 1922. Washington Naval Conference concluding in the Four Power Treaty, Five Power Treaty, and Nine Power Treaty; major naval disarmament for 10 years with sharp reduction of Royal Navy & Imperial Navy. The Treaties specify that the relative naval strengths of the major powers are to be UK = 5, US = 5, Japan = 3, France = 1.75, Italy = 1.75. The powers will abide by the treaty for ten years, then begin a naval arms race. 1922. Edward, Prince of Wales travelling on , arrives in Yokohama on 12 April for a four week official visit to Japan. 1923. The Japanese British alliance was officially discontinued on 17 August in response to U. S. and Canadian pressure. 1930. The London disarmament conference angers Japanese Army and Navy. Japan's navy demanded parity with the United States and Britain, but was rejected; it maintained the existing ratios and Japan was required to scrap a capital ship. Extremists assassinate Japan's prime minister, and the military takes more power. 1931. September. Japanese Army seizes control of Manchuria, which China has not controlled in decades. It sets up a puppet government. Britain and France effectively control the League of Nations, which issues the Lytton Report in 1932, saying that Japan had genuine grievances, but it acted illegally in seizing the entire province. Japan quits the League, Britain takes no action. 1934. The Royal Navy sends ships to Tokyo to take part in a naval parade in honour of the late Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō, one of Japan's greatest naval heroes, the "Nelson of the East". 1937. The Kamikaze, a prototype of the Mitsubishi Ki 15, travels from Tokyo to London, the first Japanese built aircraft to land in Europe, for the coronation of George VI and Elizabeth. Prince and Princess Chichibu represent Japan at the coronation. 1938 Yokohama Specie Bank acquired HSBC. 1939. The Tientsin Incident almost causes an Anglo Japanese war when the Japanese blockade the British concession in Tientsin, China.

1941. 7/8 December. The Pacific War begins as Japan attacks British colonial territories in the Far East. 1941–42. In the first few months of war Japanese forces race from victory to victory. They capture Hong Kong, British Borneo, Malaya, Singapore and Burma. The surrender of Singapore is a major defeat for the British; over hundred thousand British and Commonwealth soldiers become prisoners of war. Many British and Commonwealth POWs die in very harsh conditions of captivity. 1944. The Japanese invasion of India via Burma ends in disaster. The resulting battles of Imphal and Kohima becomes the worst defeat on land to that date in Japanese history. 1945. August. The last significant land battle of the Second World War involved British and Japanese forces. It took place in Burma – a failed Japanese breakout attempt in the Pegu Yomas. 1945. 2 September. Aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, Admiral Bruce Fraser is among the allied commanders formally accepting the surrender of Japan. 1945–46. British troops deploy Japanese Surrendered Personnel during the First Indochina War and the Indonesian Revolution in French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies. A battalion commander, Major Kido is recommended by General Philip Christison for a DSO.

1945–1952. Japan comes under allied occupation. The British Commonwealth Force occupy the western prefectures of Shimane, Yamaguchi, Tottori, Okayama and Hiroshima and the territory of Shikoku Island. In 1951, this becomes the British Commonwealth Forces Korea with the commencement of the Korean war. 1948. The 1948 Summer Olympics was held in London. Japan did not participate. 1952. Treaty of San Francisco – the peace treaty in which Anglo Japanese relations were normalized. The Japanese government accepts the judgements of the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal. According to Peter Lowe, the British were still angry over the humiliation of the surrender of Singapore in 1942; resentment at American domination of the occupation of Japan; apprehension concerning renewed Japanese competition in textiles and shipbuilding; and bitterness regarding Japanese atrocities against British prisoners of war. 1953. Nineteen year old Crown Prince Akihito (Emperor from 1989 to 2019), represents Japan at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. 1953. The British Council in Japan was established. 1957. Japanese Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi decided to compensate the government of France and Banque de l'Indochine in pound sterling. 1963. The University of Oxford set Japanese as a subject in its Oriental Institute (the Sub Faculty of East Asian Studies). 1966. The Beatles played at Nippon Budokan in Tokyo to overwhelming adulation. This performance emphasized growing good will between Britain and Japan in their foreign relations policies. 1971. Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako pay a state visit to the United Kingdom after an interval of 50 years as Crown Prince of Japan. 1975. Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh pay a state visit to Japan. 1978. Beginning of the BET scheme (British Exchange Teaching Programme) first advocated by Nicholas MacLean. 1980s. The British Japanese Parliamentary Group was established in Britain in the early 1980s. 1983. Naruhito (Emperor of Japan from 2019 onwards) studied at Merton College, Oxford, until 1985, and researched transport on the River Thames. 1986. Nissan Motors began to operate its car plant in Sunderland, as Nissan Motor Manufacturing (UK) Ltd.
1986. Charles, Prince of Wales (King Charles III of the United Kingdom since 2022) and Diana, Princess of Wales conducted a successful royal visit. 1987. JET (Japan Exchange and Teaching) program starts when the BET scheme and the Fulbright scholarship are merged. 1988. The Daiwa Anglo Japanese Foundation established. 1990. The Alumni Association for British JET Participants JETAA UK is established. 1991. The first Sumo tournament to be held outside Japan is hosted at the Royal Albert Hall in London. 1992. Toyota Motors began to operate its car plant at Burnaston near Derby. 1993. Helen McCarthy becomes the first English speaking author to write a book about anime, and begins cataloguing the anime fandom in the UK. 1998. Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko pay a state visit to the United Kingdom.

2001. The year long "Japan 2001" cultural exchange project saw a major series of Japanese cultural, educational and sporting events held around the UK. 2001. JR West gifts a 0 Series Shinkansen (No. 22 141) to the National Railway Museum at York, she is the only one of her type to be preserved outside Japan. 2011. UK sends over rescue men with rescue dogs and supplies to help the Japanese, after the 11 March 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. 2012. A UK trade delegation to Japan, led by Prime Minister David Cameron, announces an agreement to jointly develop weapons systems. 2012. The 2012 Summer Olympics are held in London. Japan takes part for the first time, and its team comes home with 38 medals, seven of them gold. 2012. Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko pay their second state visit to the United Kingdom for the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II. February 2015. Prince William, Duke of Cambridge on an official visit tours areas devastated by the 2011 Tsunami including Fukushima, Ishinomaki, and Onagawa. September 2016. Citing concerns for Japanese owned business operating in the United Kingdom in the wake of the European Union membership referendum, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs directly issues a 15 page memorandum on its own website requesting that the British Government strike a Brexit agreement safeguarding UK's current trading rights in the European Single Market. December 2018. A new trade deal between Japan and the European Union which is hoped could also act as blue print for post Brexit trade between Japan and the UK was approved by the European Parliament. September 2020. The UK and Japan agree with a free trade agreement — the first FTA made by the UK since leaving the European Union. May 2022. UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson and Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida meet in person in Downing Street and sign a Reciprocal Access Agreement. The agreement, which was made in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and China's rise in Indo Pacific region, seeks to expand joint military exercises and increase working together for disaster relief. It also hopes to make nations who are allies of the UK and Japan less dependent on oil and gas exported from Russia. September 2022. Emperor Naruhito and Empress Masako represent Japan at the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II on their first visit abroad as emperor and empress consort. December 2022. Japan, the UK, Italy, sign an agreement to create the Global Combat Air Programme, with its first jets to be produced by 2035. The programme is about "merging the three nations' costly existing research into new aerial war technology, from stealth capacity to high tech sensors". January 2023. On the 11th January Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida and UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak signed a defence pact during Kishida's visit to London that will allow both nations to deploy troops in each other's countries. The UK will be the first European country to have such a reciprocal access agreement with Japan, with the UK Government describing the pact as the most important of its type since the 1902 Anglo Japanese Alliance. The pact was signed at the Tower of London, where Prime Ministers Kishida and Sunak saw the Japanese armour given to King James VI and I in 1613 by the Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada of Japan to mark the first ever trade agreement between the two countries. They also to discussed the UK's membership to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). May 2023. Crown Prince and Crown Princess Akishino represent Japan at the coronation of Charles III and Camilla. On the day before the 49th G7 summit, the two leaders issued "The Hiroshima Accord: an Enhanced Japan UK Global Strategic Partnership". July 2023. Britain signed the agreement to acceed to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans Pacific Partnership. See also the chronology on the website of British Embassy, Tokyo.