Ирландская конституционная поправка 1936 года: Устранение королевской власти.
Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936
Конституционная поправка Ирландии 1936 года: отмена роли британского монарха в управлении, передача полномочий ирландскому правительству. История Ирландии.
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Содержание
Введение
Ирландская конституционная поправка 1936 года
Irish constitutional amendment of 1936
Закон о Конституции (Поправка № 27) 1936 года являлся поправкой к Конституции Ирландского свободного государства, которая исключила все упоминания о короле, должности генерал-губернатора и практически полностью упразднила конституционную роль короля в государстве. В соответствии с этим законом большинство функций, ранее выполнявшихся королем и его генерал-губернатором, были переданы различным органам ирландского правительства. Единственной оставшейся за королем ролью было представительство государства в сфере внешних сношений. Поправка была принята Орайхтасом одновременно с Законом об отношениях с внешним миром и вступила в силу 11 декабря 1936 года. Его полное наименование звучало следующим образом:
The Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936 was an amendment to the Constitution of the Irish Free State that removed all reference to the King, to the office of Governor General, and almost completely eliminated the King's constitutional role in the state. Under the Act most of the functions previously performed by the King and his Governor General were transferred to various other organs of the Irish government. The only role retained by the King was as representative of the state in foreign affairs. The amendment passed through the Oireachtas at the same time as the External Relations Act, becoming law on 11 December 1936. Its long title was:
Вследствие недостатков Закона об отношениях с внешним миром, в следующем году был принят Закон об исполнительной власти (сопутствующих положениях) 1937 года, чтобы окончательно упразднить должность генерал-губернатора.
Due to deficiencies in the External Relations Act, the Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act 1937 was passed in the following year to finally eliminate the office of Governor General.
Время
Возможность внесения этой поправки возникла благодаря тому, что Ирландское свободное государство в то время являлось членом Содружества, и каждое из его государств-членов должно было выразить согласие с отречением Эдуарда VIII 10 декабря 1936 года. Поправка была принята до принятия 12 декабря Закона об исполнительной власти (внешних связях), который утвердил отречение. Политика ирландского правительства заключалась в уменьшении любых оставшихся британских связей в политической системе Ирландского свободного государства и преобразовании его в республику.
The opportunity for this amendment arose because the Irish Free State was then a member of the Commonwealth, and each of its members had to assent to the abdication of Edward VIII on 10 December 1936. The amendment was passed before the passing of the Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936 on 12 December which assented to the abdication. The policy of the Irish government was to reduce any remaining British links in the political system of the Irish Free State and to turn it into a republic.
Передача королевских полномочий
После принятия закона обязанности, обычно выполняемые главой государства, были распределены между рядом органов. Самое важное, что полномочия на осуществление исполнительной власти были прямо переданы Исполнительному совету (кабинету), право назначать Президента Исполнительного совета (премьер-министра) было передано Dáil Éireann (единственная палата Оирехтаса или парламента), а обязанность обнародовать закон была возложена на Ceann Comhairle, председателя Dáil. Король сохранил лишь роль в сфере внешней политики.
After the adoption of the Act the duties usually performed by a head of state were distributed among a number of organs. Most importantly, the power to exercise the executive authority was vested explicitly in the Executive Council (cabinet), the right to appoint the President of the Executive Council (prime minister) was transferred to Dáil Éireann (the sole house of the Oireachtas or parliament), and the duty of promulgating the law was vested in the Ceann Comhairle, chairman of the Dáil. The King retained only a role in foreign affairs. Function Before After Under the 1937 Constitution Executive authority "Vested" in the King. Exercised on his behalf by the Governor General, acting on the advice of the Executive Council. Exercised by the Executive Council. Exercised by the Executive Council, itself renamed as the Government. Appointment of President of the Executive Council Appointed by the Governor General "on the nomination" of Dáil Éireann. Elected by Dáil Éireann. Renamed as Taoiseach, appointed by the President of Ireland "on the nomination" of Dáil Éireann. Appointment of remainder of Executive Council Appointed by the Governor General "on the nomination" of the president and with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Appointed by the President of the Executive Council with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Appointed by the President "on the nomination" of the Taoiseach and with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Composition of the Oireachtas Consists of the King and Dáil Éireann. (The Seanad had been abolished earlier in 1936) Consists only of Dáil Éireann. Consists of the President, Dáil Éireann and a restored Seanad. Convention and dissolution of the Oireachtas By the Governor General 'on the advice' of the Executive Council. By the Ceann Comhairle on the direction of the Executive Council and its president. By the President 'on the advice' of the Taoiseach. Signing bills into law Royal Assent given by Governor General. Signed into law by the Ceann Comhairle, who may not veto a bill. Signed into law by the President, who may not veto a bill, but can refer it to the Supreme Court. Appointment of judges By the Governor General on the 'advice' of the Executive Council. By the Executive Council. By the President on the 'advice' of the Government.
Функция До После
Согласно Конституции 1937 года исполнительная власть "принадлежала" королю. Осуществлялась от его имени генерал-губернатором, действующим по рекомендации Исполнительного совета. Осуществляется Исполнительным советом. Осуществляется Исполнительным советом, который сам был переименован в Правительство.
After the adoption of the Act the duties usually performed by a head of state were distributed among a number of organs. Most importantly, the power to exercise the executive authority was vested explicitly in the Executive Council (cabinet), the right to appoint the President of the Executive Council (prime minister) was transferred to Dáil Éireann (the sole house of the Oireachtas or parliament), and the duty of promulgating the law was vested in the Ceann Comhairle, chairman of the Dáil. The King retained only a role in foreign affairs. Function Before After Under the 1937 Constitution Executive authority "Vested" in the King. Exercised on his behalf by the Governor General, acting on the advice of the Executive Council. Exercised by the Executive Council. Exercised by the Executive Council, itself renamed as the Government. Appointment of President of the Executive Council Appointed by the Governor General "on the nomination" of Dáil Éireann. Elected by Dáil Éireann. Renamed as Taoiseach, appointed by the President of Ireland "on the nomination" of Dáil Éireann. Appointment of remainder of Executive Council Appointed by the Governor General "on the nomination" of the president and with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Appointed by the President of the Executive Council with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Appointed by the President "on the nomination" of the Taoiseach and with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Composition of the Oireachtas Consists of the King and Dáil Éireann. (The Seanad had been abolished earlier in 1936) Consists only of Dáil Éireann. Consists of the President, Dáil Éireann and a restored Seanad. Convention and dissolution of the Oireachtas By the Governor General 'on the advice' of the Executive Council. By the Ceann Comhairle on the direction of the Executive Council and its president. By the President 'on the advice' of the Taoiseach. Signing bills into law Royal Assent given by Governor General. Signed into law by the Ceann Comhairle, who may not veto a bill. Signed into law by the President, who may not veto a bill, but can refer it to the Supreme Court. Appointment of judges By the Governor General on the 'advice' of the Executive Council. By the Executive Council. By the President on the 'advice' of the Government.
Назначение Президента Исполнительного совета Назначался генерал-губернатором "по предложению" Dáil Éireann. Избирается Dáil Éireann. Переименован в Taoiseach, назначается Президентом Ирландии "по представлению" Dáil Éireann.
After the adoption of the Act the duties usually performed by a head of state were distributed among a number of organs. Most importantly, the power to exercise the executive authority was vested explicitly in the Executive Council (cabinet), the right to appoint the President of the Executive Council (prime minister) was transferred to Dáil Éireann (the sole house of the Oireachtas or parliament), and the duty of promulgating the law was vested in the Ceann Comhairle, chairman of the Dáil. The King retained only a role in foreign affairs. Function Before After Under the 1937 Constitution Executive authority "Vested" in the King. Exercised on his behalf by the Governor General, acting on the advice of the Executive Council. Exercised by the Executive Council. Exercised by the Executive Council, itself renamed as the Government. Appointment of President of the Executive Council Appointed by the Governor General "on the nomination" of Dáil Éireann. Elected by Dáil Éireann. Renamed as Taoiseach, appointed by the President of Ireland "on the nomination" of Dáil Éireann. Appointment of remainder of Executive Council Appointed by the Governor General "on the nomination" of the president and with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Appointed by the President of the Executive Council with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Appointed by the President "on the nomination" of the Taoiseach and with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Composition of the Oireachtas Consists of the King and Dáil Éireann. (The Seanad had been abolished earlier in 1936) Consists only of Dáil Éireann. Consists of the President, Dáil Éireann and a restored Seanad. Convention and dissolution of the Oireachtas By the Governor General 'on the advice' of the Executive Council. By the Ceann Comhairle on the direction of the Executive Council and its president. By the President 'on the advice' of the Taoiseach. Signing bills into law Royal Assent given by Governor General. Signed into law by the Ceann Comhairle, who may not veto a bill. Signed into law by the President, who may not veto a bill, but can refer it to the Supreme Court. Appointment of judges By the Governor General on the 'advice' of the Executive Council. By the Executive Council. By the President on the 'advice' of the Government.
Назначение остальных членов Исполнительного совета Назначался генерал-губернатором "по предложению" президента и с согласия Dáil Éireann. Назначается Председателем Исполнительного совета с согласия Dáil Éireann. Назначается Президентом "по предложению" Taoiseach и с согласия Dáil Éireann.
After the adoption of the Act the duties usually performed by a head of state were distributed among a number of organs. Most importantly, the power to exercise the executive authority was vested explicitly in the Executive Council (cabinet), the right to appoint the President of the Executive Council (prime minister) was transferred to Dáil Éireann (the sole house of the Oireachtas or parliament), and the duty of promulgating the law was vested in the Ceann Comhairle, chairman of the Dáil. The King retained only a role in foreign affairs. Function Before After Under the 1937 Constitution Executive authority "Vested" in the King. Exercised on his behalf by the Governor General, acting on the advice of the Executive Council. Exercised by the Executive Council. Exercised by the Executive Council, itself renamed as the Government. Appointment of President of the Executive Council Appointed by the Governor General "on the nomination" of Dáil Éireann. Elected by Dáil Éireann. Renamed as Taoiseach, appointed by the President of Ireland "on the nomination" of Dáil Éireann. Appointment of remainder of Executive Council Appointed by the Governor General "on the nomination" of the president and with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Appointed by the President of the Executive Council with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Appointed by the President "on the nomination" of the Taoiseach and with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Composition of the Oireachtas Consists of the King and Dáil Éireann. (The Seanad had been abolished earlier in 1936) Consists only of Dáil Éireann. Consists of the President, Dáil Éireann and a restored Seanad. Convention and dissolution of the Oireachtas By the Governor General 'on the advice' of the Executive Council. By the Ceann Comhairle on the direction of the Executive Council and its president. By the President 'on the advice' of the Taoiseach. Signing bills into law Royal Assent given by Governor General. Signed into law by the Ceann Comhairle, who may not veto a bill. Signed into law by the President, who may not veto a bill, but can refer it to the Supreme Court. Appointment of judges By the Governor General on the 'advice' of the Executive Council. By the Executive Council. By the President on the 'advice' of the Government.
Состав Оирехтаса Состоит из короля и Dáil Éireann. (Сенад был упразднен ранее в 1936 году) Состоит только из Dáil Éireann. Состоит из Президента, Dáil Éireann и восстановленного Сената.
After the adoption of the Act the duties usually performed by a head of state were distributed among a number of organs. Most importantly, the power to exercise the executive authority was vested explicitly in the Executive Council (cabinet), the right to appoint the President of the Executive Council (prime minister) was transferred to Dáil Éireann (the sole house of the Oireachtas or parliament), and the duty of promulgating the law was vested in the Ceann Comhairle, chairman of the Dáil. The King retained only a role in foreign affairs. Function Before After Under the 1937 Constitution Executive authority "Vested" in the King. Exercised on his behalf by the Governor General, acting on the advice of the Executive Council. Exercised by the Executive Council. Exercised by the Executive Council, itself renamed as the Government. Appointment of President of the Executive Council Appointed by the Governor General "on the nomination" of Dáil Éireann. Elected by Dáil Éireann. Renamed as Taoiseach, appointed by the President of Ireland "on the nomination" of Dáil Éireann. Appointment of remainder of Executive Council Appointed by the Governor General "on the nomination" of the president and with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Appointed by the President of the Executive Council with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Appointed by the President "on the nomination" of the Taoiseach and with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Composition of the Oireachtas Consists of the King and Dáil Éireann. (The Seanad had been abolished earlier in 1936) Consists only of Dáil Éireann. Consists of the President, Dáil Éireann and a restored Seanad. Convention and dissolution of the Oireachtas By the Governor General 'on the advice' of the Executive Council. By the Ceann Comhairle on the direction of the Executive Council and its president. By the President 'on the advice' of the Taoiseach. Signing bills into law Royal Assent given by Governor General. Signed into law by the Ceann Comhairle, who may not veto a bill. Signed into law by the President, who may not veto a bill, but can refer it to the Supreme Court. Appointment of judges By the Governor General on the 'advice' of the Executive Council. By the Executive Council. By the President on the 'advice' of the Government.
Созыв и роспуск Оирехтаса Генерал-губернатором "по совету" Исполнительного совета. Ceann Comhairle по указанию Исполнительного совета и его председателя. Президентом "по совету" Taoiseach.
After the adoption of the Act the duties usually performed by a head of state were distributed among a number of organs. Most importantly, the power to exercise the executive authority was vested explicitly in the Executive Council (cabinet), the right to appoint the President of the Executive Council (prime minister) was transferred to Dáil Éireann (the sole house of the Oireachtas or parliament), and the duty of promulgating the law was vested in the Ceann Comhairle, chairman of the Dáil. The King retained only a role in foreign affairs. Function Before After Under the 1937 Constitution Executive authority "Vested" in the King. Exercised on his behalf by the Governor General, acting on the advice of the Executive Council. Exercised by the Executive Council. Exercised by the Executive Council, itself renamed as the Government. Appointment of President of the Executive Council Appointed by the Governor General "on the nomination" of Dáil Éireann. Elected by Dáil Éireann. Renamed as Taoiseach, appointed by the President of Ireland "on the nomination" of Dáil Éireann. Appointment of remainder of Executive Council Appointed by the Governor General "on the nomination" of the president and with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Appointed by the President of the Executive Council with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Appointed by the President "on the nomination" of the Taoiseach and with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Composition of the Oireachtas Consists of the King and Dáil Éireann. (The Seanad had been abolished earlier in 1936) Consists only of Dáil Éireann. Consists of the President, Dáil Éireann and a restored Seanad. Convention and dissolution of the Oireachtas By the Governor General 'on the advice' of the Executive Council. By the Ceann Comhairle on the direction of the Executive Council and its president. By the President 'on the advice' of the Taoiseach. Signing bills into law Royal Assent given by Governor General. Signed into law by the Ceann Comhairle, who may not veto a bill. Signed into law by the President, who may not veto a bill, but can refer it to the Supreme Court. Appointment of judges By the Governor General on the 'advice' of the Executive Council. By the Executive Council. By the President on the 'advice' of the Government.
Подписание законопроектов в закон Королевское одобрение, даваемое генерал-губернатором. Подписывается в закон Ceann Comhairle, который не может наложить вето на законопроект. Подписывается в закон Президентом, который не может наложить вето, но может передать его в Верховный суд.
After the adoption of the Act the duties usually performed by a head of state were distributed among a number of organs. Most importantly, the power to exercise the executive authority was vested explicitly in the Executive Council (cabinet), the right to appoint the President of the Executive Council (prime minister) was transferred to Dáil Éireann (the sole house of the Oireachtas or parliament), and the duty of promulgating the law was vested in the Ceann Comhairle, chairman of the Dáil. The King retained only a role in foreign affairs. Function Before After Under the 1937 Constitution Executive authority "Vested" in the King. Exercised on his behalf by the Governor General, acting on the advice of the Executive Council. Exercised by the Executive Council. Exercised by the Executive Council, itself renamed as the Government. Appointment of President of the Executive Council Appointed by the Governor General "on the nomination" of Dáil Éireann. Elected by Dáil Éireann. Renamed as Taoiseach, appointed by the President of Ireland "on the nomination" of Dáil Éireann. Appointment of remainder of Executive Council Appointed by the Governor General "on the nomination" of the president and with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Appointed by the President of the Executive Council with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Appointed by the President "on the nomination" of the Taoiseach and with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Composition of the Oireachtas Consists of the King and Dáil Éireann. (The Seanad had been abolished earlier in 1936) Consists only of Dáil Éireann. Consists of the President, Dáil Éireann and a restored Seanad. Convention and dissolution of the Oireachtas By the Governor General 'on the advice' of the Executive Council. By the Ceann Comhairle on the direction of the Executive Council and its president. By the President 'on the advice' of the Taoiseach. Signing bills into law Royal Assent given by Governor General. Signed into law by the Ceann Comhairle, who may not veto a bill. Signed into law by the President, who may not veto a bill, but can refer it to the Supreme Court. Appointment of judges By the Governor General on the 'advice' of the Executive Council. By the Executive Council. By the President on the 'advice' of the Government.
Назначение судей Генерал-губернатором по "совету" Исполнительного совета. Исполнительным советом. Президентом по "совету" Правительства.
After the adoption of the Act the duties usually performed by a head of state were distributed among a number of organs. Most importantly, the power to exercise the executive authority was vested explicitly in the Executive Council (cabinet), the right to appoint the President of the Executive Council (prime minister) was transferred to Dáil Éireann (the sole house of the Oireachtas or parliament), and the duty of promulgating the law was vested in the Ceann Comhairle, chairman of the Dáil. The King retained only a role in foreign affairs. Function Before After Under the 1937 Constitution Executive authority "Vested" in the King. Exercised on his behalf by the Governor General, acting on the advice of the Executive Council. Exercised by the Executive Council. Exercised by the Executive Council, itself renamed as the Government. Appointment of President of the Executive Council Appointed by the Governor General "on the nomination" of Dáil Éireann. Elected by Dáil Éireann. Renamed as Taoiseach, appointed by the President of Ireland "on the nomination" of Dáil Éireann. Appointment of remainder of Executive Council Appointed by the Governor General "on the nomination" of the president and with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Appointed by the President of the Executive Council with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Appointed by the President "on the nomination" of the Taoiseach and with the assent of Dáil Éireann. Composition of the Oireachtas Consists of the King and Dáil Éireann. (The Seanad had been abolished earlier in 1936) Consists only of Dáil Éireann. Consists of the President, Dáil Éireann and a restored Seanad. Convention and dissolution of the Oireachtas By the Governor General 'on the advice' of the Executive Council. By the Ceann Comhairle on the direction of the Executive Council and its president. By the President 'on the advice' of the Taoiseach. Signing bills into law Royal Assent given by Governor General. Signed into law by the Ceann Comhairle, who may not veto a bill. Signed into law by the President, who may not veto a bill, but can refer it to the Supreme Court. Appointment of judges By the Governor General on the 'advice' of the Executive Council. By the Executive Council. By the President on the 'advice' of the Government.
Генеральный губернатор
Закон предполагал упразднение должности генерал-губернатора. Однако Эамон де Валера получил консультацию от своего генерального прокурора Джеймса Геогегана, секретаря Исполнительного совета Мориса Мойнихана и мистера Мэтисона из офиса парламентского юриста, согласно которой данный закон фактически не упразднял должность, поскольку она существовала независимо от Конституции. Для окончательного упразднения должности требовалась бы полная передача всех оставшихся полномочий генерал-губернатора, а также необходимо было исключить все упоминания о генерал-губернаторе из актов Орайхтатаса. В мае 1937 года де Валера представил Закон об исполнительной власти (сопутствующие положения) 1937 года, чтобы именно это и сделать, а также узаконить назначение главного судьи Верховного суда, который не выполнил (или отказался выполнить) юридически необходимое заявление о вступлении в должность перед генерал-губернатором, и узаконить назначение нового генерального прокурора, который, согласно действующему законодательству, мог быть назначен только генерал-губернатором.
The Act purported to abolish the office of Governor General. However Éamon de Valera was advised by his Attorney General, James Geoghegan, the Secretary to the Executive Council, Maurice Moynihan, and Mr Matheson of the Parliamentary Draftsman's office that that Act did not actually abolish the office as it had an existence independent of the Constitution; to conclusively abolish the office, a blanket transfer of any remaining powers of the Governor General would be necessary, and remaining references to the Governor Generalship would need to be removed from Acts of the Oireachtas. In May 1937 de Valera introduced the Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act 1937 to do just that, as well as to validate the installation of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, who had failed (or declined) to make the legally required declaration of office in front of the Governor General, and to validate the appointment of a new Attorney General, who under existing law could only be appointed by the Governor General.
Внешние дела
После принятия закона король больше не упоминался конкретно в Конституции. Однако поправка вводила новое положение, которое, не указывая прямо на короля, позволяло государству продолжать использовать его в качестве представителя в международных делах, приняв закон, уполномочивающий его выполнять эту функцию. Закон для этой цели, Закон о внешних связях, был принят вскоре после принятия поправки. Таким образом, после декабря 1936 года договоры продолжали подписываться от имени короля, и король продолжал утверждать ирландских послов и верховных комиссаров, а также принимать верительные грамоты иностранных дипломатов. Положение, позволяющее королю это делать, было включено в статью 51 и гласило:
After the enactment of the Act, the King was no longer specifically mentioned in the Constitution. However, the amendment introduced a new provision that, without explicitly referring to the King, allowed the state to continue to use him as its representative in foreign affairs by passing a law allowing him to perform this function. A law for this purpose, the External Relations Act, was passed shortly after the amendment was enacted. Thus, after December 1936 treaties continued to be signed in the name of the King, and the King continued to accredit Irish ambassadors and high commissioners and to receive the Letters of Credence of foreign diplomats. The provision allowing the King to do this was inserted in Article 51 and read:
Действующая Конституция Ирландии, принятая в 1937 году, учредила должность Президента Ирландии как главы государства, но не наделила эту должность какими-либо внешними функциями. Таким образом, Закон о внешних связях на несколько лет создал ситуацию, в которой было неясно, оставался ли король главой государства в вопросах внешней политики. Эта ситуация завершилась в 1949 году, когда вступил в силу Закон о Республике Ирландия, упразднивший роль короля в международных делах и сделавший Президента Ирландии де-юре главой государства во всех отношениях. Этот новый статус был отмечен первым в истории государственным визитом ирландского президента за границу, который совершил Президент Шон Т. О’Келли.
The current Constitution of Ireland enacted in 1937, created the position of President of Ireland as head of state, but did not give the position any external functions. The External Relations Act thus created, for a number of years, a situation in which it was unclear whether the King remained the head of state for external purposes. This situation came to an end in 1949 when the Republic of Ireland Act came into force, removing the King's role in foreign affairs and making the President of Ireland de jure head of state for all purposes. This new status was celebrated by President Seán T. O'Kelly paying the first ever state visit by an Irish president abroad.
Срок действия
Поправка утратила силу после отмены Конституции 1922 года с принятием Конституции Ирландии в 1937 году и была отменена как утратившая силу Законом о пересмотре статутного права 2016 года.
The Amendment became obsolete on the repeal of the 1922 Constitution on the adoption of the Constitution of Ireland in 1937, and was repealed as spent law by the Statute Law Revision Act 2016.