Введение
Глава государства Ирландии, глава государства современной Ирландии.
the head of state of modern Ireland
Президент Ирландии (Uachtarán na hÉireann) является главой государства Ирландии и верховным главнокомандующим ирландскими вооружёнными силами. Президент занимает должность в течение семи лет и может быть избран максимум на два срока. Президент избирается непосредственно народом, однако голосование не проводится, если выдвинут только один кандидат, что случалось шесть раз, последний раз – в 2004 году. Президентство в основном носит церемониальный характер, но президент обладает определёнными ограниченными полномочиями, которые он осуществляет по своему усмотрению и которые имеют конституционное значение. Президент представляет ирландское государство и является гарантом конституции. Официальная резиденция президента – Áras an Uachtaráin в парке Феникс, Дублин. Должность была учреждена Конституцией Ирландии в 1937 году. Первый президент вступил в должность в 1938 году, а международное признание в качестве главы государства он получил в 1949 году после вступления в силу Закона о Республике Ирландия. Действующий президент – Майкл Д. Хиггинс, впервые избранный 29 октября 2011 года и вступивший в должность 11 ноября 2011 года. Он был переизбран на второй срок 26 октября 2018 года.
Обычные обязанности и функции
Конституция Ирландии предусматривает парламентскую систему правления, в которой роль главы государства в значительной степени носит церемониальный характер. Президент формально является одной из трех частей Орайхтаса (национального парламента), который также состоит из Дэйл Эйреанн (Ассамблеи Ирландии или нижней палаты) и Шэнад Эйреанн (Сената Ирландии или верхней палаты). В отличие от большинства парламентских республик, президент не является номинальным главой исполнительной власти. Исполнительная власть в Ирландии, напротив, прямо предоставлена правительству (кабинету министров). Однако правительство обязано регулярно информировать президента о вопросах внутренней и внешней политики. Большинство функций президента может осуществляться только в соответствии со строгими предписаниями Конституции или обязательными "рекомендациями" правительства. Тем не менее, президент обладает определенными полномочиями, которые могут быть использованы по собственному усмотрению.
Особые ограничения
Президент не может покинуть страну без согласия правительства. Каждое официальное обращение или сообщение "к нации" или к одной или обеим палатам Ойрехтаса должно быть предварительно одобрено правительством. За исключением этих двух (достаточно редких) случаев, право президента выступать с речью ничем не ограничено. Хотя предыдущие президенты проявляли исключительную осторожность в своих выступлениях и почти всегда представляли их на согласование, Мэри Робинсон и Мэри МакАлиз гораздо активнее использовали свое право выступать без одобрения правительства, при этом МакАлиз давала множество интервью в прямом эфире на телевидении и радио. Тем не менее, по традиции президенты воздерживаются от прямой критики и комментариев в отношении правительства.
Дискреционные полномочия
Президент обладает следующими полномочиями, которые он осуществляет "по своему абсолютному усмотрению" согласно английской версии Конституции. В ирландской версии говорится, что эти полномочия осуществляются как chomhairle féin, что обычно переводится как "по собственному совету". Юристы предполагают, что в данном случае может существовать противоречие между двумя версиями конституции. В случае коллизии между ирландской и английской версиями конституции, приоритет отдается ирландской версии. В то время как "абсолютное усмотрение" предоставляет президенту определенную свободу действий при решении о том, инициировать ли контакт с оппозицией, "собственный совет" некоторые юристы интерпретируют как исключающий возможность какого-либо контакта. В результате, считается спорным, чтобы лидеры каких-либо политических партий связывались с президентом в попытке повлиять на решение, принятое на основании предоставленных полномочий на усмотрение. Президент обязан консультироваться с Государственным советом перед осуществлением определенных резервных полномочий. Однако президент не обязан действовать в соответствии с советом Государственного совета.
Отказ в роспуске парламента
Таоiseach, который "перестал пользоваться поддержкой большинства в Dáil Éireann", обязан уйти в отставку, если только Таоiseach не попросит президента распустить Dáil. Президент имеет право отказать в такой просьбе, в этом случае премьер-министр должен немедленно уйти в отставку. Эта власть никогда не применялась. Однако необходимые обстоятельства существовали в 1944, 1982 и 1994 годах. Очевидное несоответствие, упомянутое выше, между ирландской и английской версиями Конституции, удерживало президентов от рассмотрения возможности использования этой власти. В три случая, когда существовали необходимые обстоятельства, президенты придерживались политики строгого невмешательства и отсутствия контактов с оппозицией. Наиболее заметным примером этого был январь 1982 года, когда Патрик Хиллери поручил помощнику, капитану Энтони Барберу, обеспечить, чтобы к нему не поступало никаких телефонных звонков от оппозиции. Тем не менее, три представителя оппозиции, включая лидера Fianna Fáil Чарльза Хоги, потребовали соединить их с Хиллери, при этом Хоги угрожал положить конец карьере Барбера, если звонки не будут переадресованы. Хиллери, как Верховный главнокомандующий Вооруженными силами, зафиксировал угрозу в личном деле Барбера и отметил, что Барбер действовал по его указаниям, отказываясь отвечать на звонок. Даже без этого, отказ в такой просьбе, вероятно, спровоцирует конституционный кризис, поскольку общепринято считать, что глава государства всегда удовлетворяет просьбу о роспуске парламента.
Ссылка законопроектов на народ
Если это будет запрошено петицией, подписанной большинством членов Сената и одной третью членов Дэйла, президент может, после консультаций с Советом Государства, отказаться подписать закон (за исключением законопроекта о внесении изменений в конституцию), который он считает имеющим большое "национальное значение", до тех пор, пока он не будет одобрен либо народом на референдуме, либо Дэйлом, собравшимся после всеобщих выборов, проведенных в течение восемнадцати месяцев. Эта власть никогда не применялась, и ни одна подобная петиция не была использована. Из 60 сенаторов 11 назначаются премьер-таоишем, поэтому редко формируется большинство, выступающее против правительственного законопроекта.
Другое
Президент может назначить до семи членов Государственного совета и отменить или заменить таких назначенных членов. (См. список назначенных президентом членов Государственного совета.) Следующие полномочия требуют предварительной консультации с Государственным советом, хотя президент не обязан принимать его рекомендации:
Referral of bills to the Supreme Court The president may refer a bill, in whole or part, to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality. If the Supreme Court finds any referred part unconstitutional, the entire bill falls. This power may not be applied to a money bill, a bill to amend the Constitution, or an urgent bill the time for the consideration of which has been abridged in the Seanad. This is the most widely used reserve power; a full list is at Council of State (Ireland)#Referring of bills. In a 1982 judgment delivered under such a referral, Chief Justice Tom O'Higgins bemoaned the crude strictures of the prescribed process; especially the fact that, if the court finds that a bill does not violate the Constitution, this judgment can never subsequently be challenged. Abridgement of the time for bills in the Seanad The president may, at the request of the Dáil, impose a time limit on the period during which the Seanad may consider a bill. The effect of this power is to restrict the power of the Seanad to delay a bill that the government considers urgent. Appointment of a Committee of Privileges The president may, if requested to do so by the Seanad, establish a Committee of Privileges to solve a dispute between the two Houses of the Oireachtas as to whether or not a bill is a money bill. Address to the Oireachtas The president may address, or send a message to, either or both Houses of the Oireachtas. Four such addresses have been made: one by de Valera, two by Robinson, and one by McAleese. Address to the Nation The president may "address a message to the Nation" subject to the same conditions as an address to the Oireachtas. This power has never been used. Under the Presidential Elections Act, 1993 a candidate's election formally takes place in the form of a 'declaration' by the returning officer. Where more than one candidate is nominated, the election is 'adjourned' so that a ballot can take place, allowing the electors to choose between candidates. A presidential election is held in time for the winner to take office the day after the end of the incumbent's seven year term. In the event of premature vacancy, an election must be held within sixty days. Candidates must be Irish citizens and over 35 years old. There is a discrepancy between the English and Irish language texts of Article 12.4.1°. According to the English text, an eligible candidate "has reached his thirty fifth year of age", whereas the Irish text states "ag a bhfuil cúig bliana tríochad slán (has completed his thirty five years)". Because a person's thirty fifth year of life begins on their thirty fourth birthday, this means there is a year's difference between the minimum ages as stated in the two texts. However, the Irish version of the subsection prevails in accordance with the rule stated in Article 25.5.4°. Various proposals have been made to amend the Constitution so as to eliminate this discrepancy. The 29th government introduced the Thirty fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015 to reduce the age of candidacy from 35 to 21, which was put to referendum in May 2015; the bill was heavily defeated, with approximately 73% of voters voting against. Presidents can serve a maximum of two terms, consecutive or otherwise. At least 20 members of the Oireachtas; Therefore, between midnight and the inauguration the following day the presidential duties and functions are carried out by the presidential commission. The constitution also empowers the Council of State, acting by a majority of its members, to "make such provision as to them may seem meet" for the exercise of the duties of the president in any contingency the constitution does not foresee. However, to date, it has never been necessary for the council to take up this role. Although an outgoing president who has been re elected is usually described in the media as "president" before the taking of the Declaration of Office, that is actually incorrect. Technically, the outgoing president is a former president and, if re elected, president elect. Vacancies in the presidency have occurred three times: on the death in office of Erskine Hamilton Childers in 1974, and on the resignations of Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh in 1976 and Mary Robinson in 1997.
Направление законопроектов в Верховный суд. Президент может направить законопроект, полностью или частично, в Верховный суд для проверки его конституционности. Если Верховный суд признает какую-либо направленную часть неконституционной, весь законопроект утрачивает силу. Это право не может применяться к денежному законопроекту, законопроекту о внесении поправок в Конституцию или срочному законопроекту, срок рассмотрения которого был сокращен в Сенаде. Это наиболее часто используемое резервное полномочие; полный список представлен в статье Государственный совет (Ирландия)#Направление законопроектов. В решении 1982 года, вынесенном в рамках такого направления, главный судья Том О’Хиггинс выразил сожаление по поводу жестких ограничений установленной процедуры; особенно в связи с тем, что если суд установит, что законопроект не нарушает Конституцию, это решение впоследствии не может быть оспорено.
Referral of bills to the Supreme Court The president may refer a bill, in whole or part, to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality. If the Supreme Court finds any referred part unconstitutional, the entire bill falls. This power may not be applied to a money bill, a bill to amend the Constitution, or an urgent bill the time for the consideration of which has been abridged in the Seanad. This is the most widely used reserve power; a full list is at Council of State (Ireland)#Referring of bills. In a 1982 judgment delivered under such a referral, Chief Justice Tom O'Higgins bemoaned the crude strictures of the prescribed process; especially the fact that, if the court finds that a bill does not violate the Constitution, this judgment can never subsequently be challenged. Abridgement of the time for bills in the Seanad The president may, at the request of the Dáil, impose a time limit on the period during which the Seanad may consider a bill. The effect of this power is to restrict the power of the Seanad to delay a bill that the government considers urgent. Appointment of a Committee of Privileges The president may, if requested to do so by the Seanad, establish a Committee of Privileges to solve a dispute between the two Houses of the Oireachtas as to whether or not a bill is a money bill. Address to the Oireachtas The president may address, or send a message to, either or both Houses of the Oireachtas. Four such addresses have been made: one by de Valera, two by Robinson, and one by McAleese. Address to the Nation The president may "address a message to the Nation" subject to the same conditions as an address to the Oireachtas. This power has never been used. Under the Presidential Elections Act, 1993 a candidate's election formally takes place in the form of a 'declaration' by the returning officer. Where more than one candidate is nominated, the election is 'adjourned' so that a ballot can take place, allowing the electors to choose between candidates. A presidential election is held in time for the winner to take office the day after the end of the incumbent's seven year term. In the event of premature vacancy, an election must be held within sixty days. Candidates must be Irish citizens and over 35 years old. There is a discrepancy between the English and Irish language texts of Article 12.4.1°. According to the English text, an eligible candidate "has reached his thirty fifth year of age", whereas the Irish text states "ag a bhfuil cúig bliana tríochad slán (has completed his thirty five years)". Because a person's thirty fifth year of life begins on their thirty fourth birthday, this means there is a year's difference between the minimum ages as stated in the two texts. However, the Irish version of the subsection prevails in accordance with the rule stated in Article 25.5.4°. Various proposals have been made to amend the Constitution so as to eliminate this discrepancy. The 29th government introduced the Thirty fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015 to reduce the age of candidacy from 35 to 21, which was put to referendum in May 2015; the bill was heavily defeated, with approximately 73% of voters voting against. Presidents can serve a maximum of two terms, consecutive or otherwise. At least 20 members of the Oireachtas; Therefore, between midnight and the inauguration the following day the presidential duties and functions are carried out by the presidential commission. The constitution also empowers the Council of State, acting by a majority of its members, to "make such provision as to them may seem meet" for the exercise of the duties of the president in any contingency the constitution does not foresee. However, to date, it has never been necessary for the council to take up this role. Although an outgoing president who has been re elected is usually described in the media as "president" before the taking of the Declaration of Office, that is actually incorrect. Technically, the outgoing president is a former president and, if re elected, president elect. Vacancies in the presidency have occurred three times: on the death in office of Erskine Hamilton Childers in 1974, and on the resignations of Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh in 1976 and Mary Robinson in 1997.
Сокращение сроков рассмотрения законопроектов в Сенаде. Президент может по просьбе Дала установить ограничение по времени на период, в течение которого Сенад может рассматривать законопроект. Эффект этого полномочия заключается в ограничении возможности Сенада задерживать законопроект, который правительство считает срочным.
Referral of bills to the Supreme Court The president may refer a bill, in whole or part, to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality. If the Supreme Court finds any referred part unconstitutional, the entire bill falls. This power may not be applied to a money bill, a bill to amend the Constitution, or an urgent bill the time for the consideration of which has been abridged in the Seanad. This is the most widely used reserve power; a full list is at Council of State (Ireland)#Referring of bills. In a 1982 judgment delivered under such a referral, Chief Justice Tom O'Higgins bemoaned the crude strictures of the prescribed process; especially the fact that, if the court finds that a bill does not violate the Constitution, this judgment can never subsequently be challenged. Abridgement of the time for bills in the Seanad The president may, at the request of the Dáil, impose a time limit on the period during which the Seanad may consider a bill. The effect of this power is to restrict the power of the Seanad to delay a bill that the government considers urgent. Appointment of a Committee of Privileges The president may, if requested to do so by the Seanad, establish a Committee of Privileges to solve a dispute between the two Houses of the Oireachtas as to whether or not a bill is a money bill. Address to the Oireachtas The president may address, or send a message to, either or both Houses of the Oireachtas. Four such addresses have been made: one by de Valera, two by Robinson, and one by McAleese. Address to the Nation The president may "address a message to the Nation" subject to the same conditions as an address to the Oireachtas. This power has never been used. Under the Presidential Elections Act, 1993 a candidate's election formally takes place in the form of a 'declaration' by the returning officer. Where more than one candidate is nominated, the election is 'adjourned' so that a ballot can take place, allowing the electors to choose between candidates. A presidential election is held in time for the winner to take office the day after the end of the incumbent's seven year term. In the event of premature vacancy, an election must be held within sixty days. Candidates must be Irish citizens and over 35 years old. There is a discrepancy between the English and Irish language texts of Article 12.4.1°. According to the English text, an eligible candidate "has reached his thirty fifth year of age", whereas the Irish text states "ag a bhfuil cúig bliana tríochad slán (has completed his thirty five years)". Because a person's thirty fifth year of life begins on their thirty fourth birthday, this means there is a year's difference between the minimum ages as stated in the two texts. However, the Irish version of the subsection prevails in accordance with the rule stated in Article 25.5.4°. Various proposals have been made to amend the Constitution so as to eliminate this discrepancy. The 29th government introduced the Thirty fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015 to reduce the age of candidacy from 35 to 21, which was put to referendum in May 2015; the bill was heavily defeated, with approximately 73% of voters voting against. Presidents can serve a maximum of two terms, consecutive or otherwise. At least 20 members of the Oireachtas; Therefore, between midnight and the inauguration the following day the presidential duties and functions are carried out by the presidential commission. The constitution also empowers the Council of State, acting by a majority of its members, to "make such provision as to them may seem meet" for the exercise of the duties of the president in any contingency the constitution does not foresee. However, to date, it has never been necessary for the council to take up this role. Although an outgoing president who has been re elected is usually described in the media as "president" before the taking of the Declaration of Office, that is actually incorrect. Technically, the outgoing president is a former president and, if re elected, president elect. Vacancies in the presidency have occurred three times: on the death in office of Erskine Hamilton Childers in 1974, and on the resignations of Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh in 1976 and Mary Robinson in 1997.
Назначение Комитета по привилегиям. Президент может, по запросу Сенада, создать Комитет по привилегиям для разрешения спора между двумя палатами Оирехтаса о том, является ли законопроект денежным.
Referral of bills to the Supreme Court The president may refer a bill, in whole or part, to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality. If the Supreme Court finds any referred part unconstitutional, the entire bill falls. This power may not be applied to a money bill, a bill to amend the Constitution, or an urgent bill the time for the consideration of which has been abridged in the Seanad. This is the most widely used reserve power; a full list is at Council of State (Ireland)#Referring of bills. In a 1982 judgment delivered under such a referral, Chief Justice Tom O'Higgins bemoaned the crude strictures of the prescribed process; especially the fact that, if the court finds that a bill does not violate the Constitution, this judgment can never subsequently be challenged. Abridgement of the time for bills in the Seanad The president may, at the request of the Dáil, impose a time limit on the period during which the Seanad may consider a bill. The effect of this power is to restrict the power of the Seanad to delay a bill that the government considers urgent. Appointment of a Committee of Privileges The president may, if requested to do so by the Seanad, establish a Committee of Privileges to solve a dispute between the two Houses of the Oireachtas as to whether or not a bill is a money bill. Address to the Oireachtas The president may address, or send a message to, either or both Houses of the Oireachtas. Four such addresses have been made: one by de Valera, two by Robinson, and one by McAleese. Address to the Nation The president may "address a message to the Nation" subject to the same conditions as an address to the Oireachtas. This power has never been used. Under the Presidential Elections Act, 1993 a candidate's election formally takes place in the form of a 'declaration' by the returning officer. Where more than one candidate is nominated, the election is 'adjourned' so that a ballot can take place, allowing the electors to choose between candidates. A presidential election is held in time for the winner to take office the day after the end of the incumbent's seven year term. In the event of premature vacancy, an election must be held within sixty days. Candidates must be Irish citizens and over 35 years old. There is a discrepancy between the English and Irish language texts of Article 12.4.1°. According to the English text, an eligible candidate "has reached his thirty fifth year of age", whereas the Irish text states "ag a bhfuil cúig bliana tríochad slán (has completed his thirty five years)". Because a person's thirty fifth year of life begins on their thirty fourth birthday, this means there is a year's difference between the minimum ages as stated in the two texts. However, the Irish version of the subsection prevails in accordance with the rule stated in Article 25.5.4°. Various proposals have been made to amend the Constitution so as to eliminate this discrepancy. The 29th government introduced the Thirty fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015 to reduce the age of candidacy from 35 to 21, which was put to referendum in May 2015; the bill was heavily defeated, with approximately 73% of voters voting against. Presidents can serve a maximum of two terms, consecutive or otherwise. At least 20 members of the Oireachtas; Therefore, between midnight and the inauguration the following day the presidential duties and functions are carried out by the presidential commission. The constitution also empowers the Council of State, acting by a majority of its members, to "make such provision as to them may seem meet" for the exercise of the duties of the president in any contingency the constitution does not foresee. However, to date, it has never been necessary for the council to take up this role. Although an outgoing president who has been re elected is usually described in the media as "president" before the taking of the Declaration of Office, that is actually incorrect. Technically, the outgoing president is a former president and, if re elected, president elect. Vacancies in the presidency have occurred three times: on the death in office of Erskine Hamilton Childers in 1974, and on the resignations of Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh in 1976 and Mary Robinson in 1997.
Обращение к Оирехтасу. Президент может обратиться или направить сообщение в одну или обе палаты Оирехтаса. Было сделано четыре таких обращения: одно де Валерой, два Робинсоном и одно МакАлизом.
Referral of bills to the Supreme Court The president may refer a bill, in whole or part, to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality. If the Supreme Court finds any referred part unconstitutional, the entire bill falls. This power may not be applied to a money bill, a bill to amend the Constitution, or an urgent bill the time for the consideration of which has been abridged in the Seanad. This is the most widely used reserve power; a full list is at Council of State (Ireland)#Referring of bills. In a 1982 judgment delivered under such a referral, Chief Justice Tom O'Higgins bemoaned the crude strictures of the prescribed process; especially the fact that, if the court finds that a bill does not violate the Constitution, this judgment can never subsequently be challenged. Abridgement of the time for bills in the Seanad The president may, at the request of the Dáil, impose a time limit on the period during which the Seanad may consider a bill. The effect of this power is to restrict the power of the Seanad to delay a bill that the government considers urgent. Appointment of a Committee of Privileges The president may, if requested to do so by the Seanad, establish a Committee of Privileges to solve a dispute between the two Houses of the Oireachtas as to whether or not a bill is a money bill. Address to the Oireachtas The president may address, or send a message to, either or both Houses of the Oireachtas. Four such addresses have been made: one by de Valera, two by Robinson, and one by McAleese. Address to the Nation The president may "address a message to the Nation" subject to the same conditions as an address to the Oireachtas. This power has never been used. Under the Presidential Elections Act, 1993 a candidate's election formally takes place in the form of a 'declaration' by the returning officer. Where more than one candidate is nominated, the election is 'adjourned' so that a ballot can take place, allowing the electors to choose between candidates. A presidential election is held in time for the winner to take office the day after the end of the incumbent's seven year term. In the event of premature vacancy, an election must be held within sixty days. Candidates must be Irish citizens and over 35 years old. There is a discrepancy between the English and Irish language texts of Article 12.4.1°. According to the English text, an eligible candidate "has reached his thirty fifth year of age", whereas the Irish text states "ag a bhfuil cúig bliana tríochad slán (has completed his thirty five years)". Because a person's thirty fifth year of life begins on their thirty fourth birthday, this means there is a year's difference between the minimum ages as stated in the two texts. However, the Irish version of the subsection prevails in accordance with the rule stated in Article 25.5.4°. Various proposals have been made to amend the Constitution so as to eliminate this discrepancy. The 29th government introduced the Thirty fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015 to reduce the age of candidacy from 35 to 21, which was put to referendum in May 2015; the bill was heavily defeated, with approximately 73% of voters voting against. Presidents can serve a maximum of two terms, consecutive or otherwise. At least 20 members of the Oireachtas; Therefore, between midnight and the inauguration the following day the presidential duties and functions are carried out by the presidential commission. The constitution also empowers the Council of State, acting by a majority of its members, to "make such provision as to them may seem meet" for the exercise of the duties of the president in any contingency the constitution does not foresee. However, to date, it has never been necessary for the council to take up this role. Although an outgoing president who has been re elected is usually described in the media as "president" before the taking of the Declaration of Office, that is actually incorrect. Technically, the outgoing president is a former president and, if re elected, president elect. Vacancies in the presidency have occurred three times: on the death in office of Erskine Hamilton Childers in 1974, and on the resignations of Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh in 1976 and Mary Robinson in 1997.
Обращение к нации. Президент может "обратиться с посланием к нации" на тех же условиях, что и обращение к Оирехтасу. Это полномочие никогда не использовалось.
Referral of bills to the Supreme Court The president may refer a bill, in whole or part, to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality. If the Supreme Court finds any referred part unconstitutional, the entire bill falls. This power may not be applied to a money bill, a bill to amend the Constitution, or an urgent bill the time for the consideration of which has been abridged in the Seanad. This is the most widely used reserve power; a full list is at Council of State (Ireland)#Referring of bills. In a 1982 judgment delivered under such a referral, Chief Justice Tom O'Higgins bemoaned the crude strictures of the prescribed process; especially the fact that, if the court finds that a bill does not violate the Constitution, this judgment can never subsequently be challenged. Abridgement of the time for bills in the Seanad The president may, at the request of the Dáil, impose a time limit on the period during which the Seanad may consider a bill. The effect of this power is to restrict the power of the Seanad to delay a bill that the government considers urgent. Appointment of a Committee of Privileges The president may, if requested to do so by the Seanad, establish a Committee of Privileges to solve a dispute between the two Houses of the Oireachtas as to whether or not a bill is a money bill. Address to the Oireachtas The president may address, or send a message to, either or both Houses of the Oireachtas. Four such addresses have been made: one by de Valera, two by Robinson, and one by McAleese. Address to the Nation The president may "address a message to the Nation" subject to the same conditions as an address to the Oireachtas. This power has never been used. Under the Presidential Elections Act, 1993 a candidate's election formally takes place in the form of a 'declaration' by the returning officer. Where more than one candidate is nominated, the election is 'adjourned' so that a ballot can take place, allowing the electors to choose between candidates. A presidential election is held in time for the winner to take office the day after the end of the incumbent's seven year term. In the event of premature vacancy, an election must be held within sixty days. Candidates must be Irish citizens and over 35 years old. There is a discrepancy between the English and Irish language texts of Article 12.4.1°. According to the English text, an eligible candidate "has reached his thirty fifth year of age", whereas the Irish text states "ag a bhfuil cúig bliana tríochad slán (has completed his thirty five years)". Because a person's thirty fifth year of life begins on their thirty fourth birthday, this means there is a year's difference between the minimum ages as stated in the two texts. However, the Irish version of the subsection prevails in accordance with the rule stated in Article 25.5.4°. Various proposals have been made to amend the Constitution so as to eliminate this discrepancy. The 29th government introduced the Thirty fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015 to reduce the age of candidacy from 35 to 21, which was put to referendum in May 2015; the bill was heavily defeated, with approximately 73% of voters voting against. Presidents can serve a maximum of two terms, consecutive or otherwise. At least 20 members of the Oireachtas; Therefore, between midnight and the inauguration the following day the presidential duties and functions are carried out by the presidential commission. The constitution also empowers the Council of State, acting by a majority of its members, to "make such provision as to them may seem meet" for the exercise of the duties of the president in any contingency the constitution does not foresee. However, to date, it has never been necessary for the council to take up this role. Although an outgoing president who has been re elected is usually described in the media as "president" before the taking of the Declaration of Office, that is actually incorrect. Technically, the outgoing president is a former president and, if re elected, president elect. Vacancies in the presidency have occurred three times: on the death in office of Erskine Hamilton Childers in 1974, and on the resignations of Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh in 1976 and Mary Robinson in 1997.
В соответствии с Законом о президентских выборах 1993 года избрание кандидата формально происходит в форме "декларации" избирательного округа. Если выдвинуто более одного кандидата, выборы "откладываются", чтобы можно было провести голосование, позволяющее избирателям сделать выбор между кандидатами. Президентские выборы проводятся своевременно, чтобы победитель вступил в должность на следующий день после окончания семилетнего срока полномочий действующего президента. В случае досрочного освобождения должности выборы должны быть проведены в течение шестидесяти дней. Кандидаты должны быть гражданами Ирландии и старше 35 лет.
Referral of bills to the Supreme Court The president may refer a bill, in whole or part, to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality. If the Supreme Court finds any referred part unconstitutional, the entire bill falls. This power may not be applied to a money bill, a bill to amend the Constitution, or an urgent bill the time for the consideration of which has been abridged in the Seanad. This is the most widely used reserve power; a full list is at Council of State (Ireland)#Referring of bills. In a 1982 judgment delivered under such a referral, Chief Justice Tom O'Higgins bemoaned the crude strictures of the prescribed process; especially the fact that, if the court finds that a bill does not violate the Constitution, this judgment can never subsequently be challenged. Abridgement of the time for bills in the Seanad The president may, at the request of the Dáil, impose a time limit on the period during which the Seanad may consider a bill. The effect of this power is to restrict the power of the Seanad to delay a bill that the government considers urgent. Appointment of a Committee of Privileges The president may, if requested to do so by the Seanad, establish a Committee of Privileges to solve a dispute between the two Houses of the Oireachtas as to whether or not a bill is a money bill. Address to the Oireachtas The president may address, or send a message to, either or both Houses of the Oireachtas. Four such addresses have been made: one by de Valera, two by Robinson, and one by McAleese. Address to the Nation The president may "address a message to the Nation" subject to the same conditions as an address to the Oireachtas. This power has never been used. Under the Presidential Elections Act, 1993 a candidate's election formally takes place in the form of a 'declaration' by the returning officer. Where more than one candidate is nominated, the election is 'adjourned' so that a ballot can take place, allowing the electors to choose between candidates. A presidential election is held in time for the winner to take office the day after the end of the incumbent's seven year term. In the event of premature vacancy, an election must be held within sixty days. Candidates must be Irish citizens and over 35 years old. There is a discrepancy between the English and Irish language texts of Article 12.4.1°. According to the English text, an eligible candidate "has reached his thirty fifth year of age", whereas the Irish text states "ag a bhfuil cúig bliana tríochad slán (has completed his thirty five years)". Because a person's thirty fifth year of life begins on their thirty fourth birthday, this means there is a year's difference between the minimum ages as stated in the two texts. However, the Irish version of the subsection prevails in accordance with the rule stated in Article 25.5.4°. Various proposals have been made to amend the Constitution so as to eliminate this discrepancy. The 29th government introduced the Thirty fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015 to reduce the age of candidacy from 35 to 21, which was put to referendum in May 2015; the bill was heavily defeated, with approximately 73% of voters voting against. Presidents can serve a maximum of two terms, consecutive or otherwise. At least 20 members of the Oireachtas; Therefore, between midnight and the inauguration the following day the presidential duties and functions are carried out by the presidential commission. The constitution also empowers the Council of State, acting by a majority of its members, to "make such provision as to them may seem meet" for the exercise of the duties of the president in any contingency the constitution does not foresee. However, to date, it has never been necessary for the council to take up this role. Although an outgoing president who has been re elected is usually described in the media as "president" before the taking of the Declaration of Office, that is actually incorrect. Technically, the outgoing president is a former president and, if re elected, president elect. Vacancies in the presidency have occurred three times: on the death in office of Erskine Hamilton Childers in 1974, and on the resignations of Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh in 1976 and Mary Robinson in 1997.
Существует расхождение между английским и ирландским текстами статьи 12.4.1°. Согласно английскому тексту, кандидат, соответствующий требованиям, "достиг своего тридцать пятого года", в то время как в ирландском тексте указано "ag a bhfuil cúig bliana tríochad slán (завершил свои тридцать пять лет)". Поскольку тридцать пятый год жизни человека начинается в день его тридцать четвертого дня рождения, это означает, что между минимальными возрастами, указанными в двух текстах, есть разница в один год. Однако ирландская версия подраздела имеет преимущественную силу в соответствии с правилом, изложенным в статье 25.5.4°. Было предложено несколько поправок к Конституции с целью устранения этого расхождения. 29-е правительство представило тридцать пятую поправку к Конституции (Возраст правоспособности для избрания на должность Президента) в 2015 году, чтобы снизить возраст кандидатуры с 35 до 21 года, которая была вынесена на референдум в мае 2015 года; законопроект был решительно отклонен, примерно 73% избирателей проголосовали против.
Referral of bills to the Supreme Court The president may refer a bill, in whole or part, to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality. If the Supreme Court finds any referred part unconstitutional, the entire bill falls. This power may not be applied to a money bill, a bill to amend the Constitution, or an urgent bill the time for the consideration of which has been abridged in the Seanad. This is the most widely used reserve power; a full list is at Council of State (Ireland)#Referring of bills. In a 1982 judgment delivered under such a referral, Chief Justice Tom O'Higgins bemoaned the crude strictures of the prescribed process; especially the fact that, if the court finds that a bill does not violate the Constitution, this judgment can never subsequently be challenged. Abridgement of the time for bills in the Seanad The president may, at the request of the Dáil, impose a time limit on the period during which the Seanad may consider a bill. The effect of this power is to restrict the power of the Seanad to delay a bill that the government considers urgent. Appointment of a Committee of Privileges The president may, if requested to do so by the Seanad, establish a Committee of Privileges to solve a dispute between the two Houses of the Oireachtas as to whether or not a bill is a money bill. Address to the Oireachtas The president may address, or send a message to, either or both Houses of the Oireachtas. Four such addresses have been made: one by de Valera, two by Robinson, and one by McAleese. Address to the Nation The president may "address a message to the Nation" subject to the same conditions as an address to the Oireachtas. This power has never been used. Under the Presidential Elections Act, 1993 a candidate's election formally takes place in the form of a 'declaration' by the returning officer. Where more than one candidate is nominated, the election is 'adjourned' so that a ballot can take place, allowing the electors to choose between candidates. A presidential election is held in time for the winner to take office the day after the end of the incumbent's seven year term. In the event of premature vacancy, an election must be held within sixty days. Candidates must be Irish citizens and over 35 years old. There is a discrepancy between the English and Irish language texts of Article 12.4.1°. According to the English text, an eligible candidate "has reached his thirty fifth year of age", whereas the Irish text states "ag a bhfuil cúig bliana tríochad slán (has completed his thirty five years)". Because a person's thirty fifth year of life begins on their thirty fourth birthday, this means there is a year's difference between the minimum ages as stated in the two texts. However, the Irish version of the subsection prevails in accordance with the rule stated in Article 25.5.4°. Various proposals have been made to amend the Constitution so as to eliminate this discrepancy. The 29th government introduced the Thirty fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015 to reduce the age of candidacy from 35 to 21, which was put to referendum in May 2015; the bill was heavily defeated, with approximately 73% of voters voting against. Presidents can serve a maximum of two terms, consecutive or otherwise. At least 20 members of the Oireachtas; Therefore, between midnight and the inauguration the following day the presidential duties and functions are carried out by the presidential commission. The constitution also empowers the Council of State, acting by a majority of its members, to "make such provision as to them may seem meet" for the exercise of the duties of the president in any contingency the constitution does not foresee. However, to date, it has never been necessary for the council to take up this role. Although an outgoing president who has been re elected is usually described in the media as "president" before the taking of the Declaration of Office, that is actually incorrect. Technically, the outgoing president is a former president and, if re elected, president elect. Vacancies in the presidency have occurred three times: on the death in office of Erskine Hamilton Childers in 1974, and on the resignations of Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh in 1976 and Mary Robinson in 1997.
Президенты могут занимать должность не более двух сроков, подряд или нет.
Referral of bills to the Supreme Court The president may refer a bill, in whole or part, to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality. If the Supreme Court finds any referred part unconstitutional, the entire bill falls. This power may not be applied to a money bill, a bill to amend the Constitution, or an urgent bill the time for the consideration of which has been abridged in the Seanad. This is the most widely used reserve power; a full list is at Council of State (Ireland)#Referring of bills. In a 1982 judgment delivered under such a referral, Chief Justice Tom O'Higgins bemoaned the crude strictures of the prescribed process; especially the fact that, if the court finds that a bill does not violate the Constitution, this judgment can never subsequently be challenged. Abridgement of the time for bills in the Seanad The president may, at the request of the Dáil, impose a time limit on the period during which the Seanad may consider a bill. The effect of this power is to restrict the power of the Seanad to delay a bill that the government considers urgent. Appointment of a Committee of Privileges The president may, if requested to do so by the Seanad, establish a Committee of Privileges to solve a dispute between the two Houses of the Oireachtas as to whether or not a bill is a money bill. Address to the Oireachtas The president may address, or send a message to, either or both Houses of the Oireachtas. Four such addresses have been made: one by de Valera, two by Robinson, and one by McAleese. Address to the Nation The president may "address a message to the Nation" subject to the same conditions as an address to the Oireachtas. This power has never been used. Under the Presidential Elections Act, 1993 a candidate's election formally takes place in the form of a 'declaration' by the returning officer. Where more than one candidate is nominated, the election is 'adjourned' so that a ballot can take place, allowing the electors to choose between candidates. A presidential election is held in time for the winner to take office the day after the end of the incumbent's seven year term. In the event of premature vacancy, an election must be held within sixty days. Candidates must be Irish citizens and over 35 years old. There is a discrepancy between the English and Irish language texts of Article 12.4.1°. According to the English text, an eligible candidate "has reached his thirty fifth year of age", whereas the Irish text states "ag a bhfuil cúig bliana tríochad slán (has completed his thirty five years)". Because a person's thirty fifth year of life begins on their thirty fourth birthday, this means there is a year's difference between the minimum ages as stated in the two texts. However, the Irish version of the subsection prevails in accordance with the rule stated in Article 25.5.4°. Various proposals have been made to amend the Constitution so as to eliminate this discrepancy. The 29th government introduced the Thirty fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015 to reduce the age of candidacy from 35 to 21, which was put to referendum in May 2015; the bill was heavily defeated, with approximately 73% of voters voting against. Presidents can serve a maximum of two terms, consecutive or otherwise. At least 20 members of the Oireachtas; Therefore, between midnight and the inauguration the following day the presidential duties and functions are carried out by the presidential commission. The constitution also empowers the Council of State, acting by a majority of its members, to "make such provision as to them may seem meet" for the exercise of the duties of the president in any contingency the constitution does not foresee. However, to date, it has never been necessary for the council to take up this role. Although an outgoing president who has been re elected is usually described in the media as "president" before the taking of the Declaration of Office, that is actually incorrect. Technically, the outgoing president is a former president and, if re elected, president elect. Vacancies in the presidency have occurred three times: on the death in office of Erskine Hamilton Childers in 1974, and on the resignations of Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh in 1976 and Mary Robinson in 1997.
Не менее 20 членов Оирехтаса. Поэтому между полуночью и инаугурацией на следующий день президентские обязанности и функции осуществляет президентская комиссия. Конституция также наделяет Государственный совет, действуя большинством своих членов, полномочиями "принять такие меры, которые они сочтут необходимыми" для осуществления обязанностей президента в любой непредвиденной ситуации, не предусмотренной Конституцией. Однако до настоящего времени Совету не приходилось прибегать к этой роли.
Referral of bills to the Supreme Court The president may refer a bill, in whole or part, to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality. If the Supreme Court finds any referred part unconstitutional, the entire bill falls. This power may not be applied to a money bill, a bill to amend the Constitution, or an urgent bill the time for the consideration of which has been abridged in the Seanad. This is the most widely used reserve power; a full list is at Council of State (Ireland)#Referring of bills. In a 1982 judgment delivered under such a referral, Chief Justice Tom O'Higgins bemoaned the crude strictures of the prescribed process; especially the fact that, if the court finds that a bill does not violate the Constitution, this judgment can never subsequently be challenged. Abridgement of the time for bills in the Seanad The president may, at the request of the Dáil, impose a time limit on the period during which the Seanad may consider a bill. The effect of this power is to restrict the power of the Seanad to delay a bill that the government considers urgent. Appointment of a Committee of Privileges The president may, if requested to do so by the Seanad, establish a Committee of Privileges to solve a dispute between the two Houses of the Oireachtas as to whether or not a bill is a money bill. Address to the Oireachtas The president may address, or send a message to, either or both Houses of the Oireachtas. Four such addresses have been made: one by de Valera, two by Robinson, and one by McAleese. Address to the Nation The president may "address a message to the Nation" subject to the same conditions as an address to the Oireachtas. This power has never been used. Under the Presidential Elections Act, 1993 a candidate's election formally takes place in the form of a 'declaration' by the returning officer. Where more than one candidate is nominated, the election is 'adjourned' so that a ballot can take place, allowing the electors to choose between candidates. A presidential election is held in time for the winner to take office the day after the end of the incumbent's seven year term. In the event of premature vacancy, an election must be held within sixty days. Candidates must be Irish citizens and over 35 years old. There is a discrepancy between the English and Irish language texts of Article 12.4.1°. According to the English text, an eligible candidate "has reached his thirty fifth year of age", whereas the Irish text states "ag a bhfuil cúig bliana tríochad slán (has completed his thirty five years)". Because a person's thirty fifth year of life begins on their thirty fourth birthday, this means there is a year's difference between the minimum ages as stated in the two texts. However, the Irish version of the subsection prevails in accordance with the rule stated in Article 25.5.4°. Various proposals have been made to amend the Constitution so as to eliminate this discrepancy. The 29th government introduced the Thirty fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015 to reduce the age of candidacy from 35 to 21, which was put to referendum in May 2015; the bill was heavily defeated, with approximately 73% of voters voting against. Presidents can serve a maximum of two terms, consecutive or otherwise. At least 20 members of the Oireachtas; Therefore, between midnight and the inauguration the following day the presidential duties and functions are carried out by the presidential commission. The constitution also empowers the Council of State, acting by a majority of its members, to "make such provision as to them may seem meet" for the exercise of the duties of the president in any contingency the constitution does not foresee. However, to date, it has never been necessary for the council to take up this role. Although an outgoing president who has been re elected is usually described in the media as "president" before the taking of the Declaration of Office, that is actually incorrect. Technically, the outgoing president is a former president and, if re elected, president elect. Vacancies in the presidency have occurred three times: on the death in office of Erskine Hamilton Childers in 1974, and on the resignations of Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh in 1976 and Mary Robinson in 1997.
Хотя уходящий президент, который был переизбран, обычно описывается в средствах массовой информации как "президент" до принятия Присяги, это фактически неверно. Технически, уходящий президент является бывшим президентом, а в случае переизбрания – избранным президентом.
Referral of bills to the Supreme Court The president may refer a bill, in whole or part, to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality. If the Supreme Court finds any referred part unconstitutional, the entire bill falls. This power may not be applied to a money bill, a bill to amend the Constitution, or an urgent bill the time for the consideration of which has been abridged in the Seanad. This is the most widely used reserve power; a full list is at Council of State (Ireland)#Referring of bills. In a 1982 judgment delivered under such a referral, Chief Justice Tom O'Higgins bemoaned the crude strictures of the prescribed process; especially the fact that, if the court finds that a bill does not violate the Constitution, this judgment can never subsequently be challenged. Abridgement of the time for bills in the Seanad The president may, at the request of the Dáil, impose a time limit on the period during which the Seanad may consider a bill. The effect of this power is to restrict the power of the Seanad to delay a bill that the government considers urgent. Appointment of a Committee of Privileges The president may, if requested to do so by the Seanad, establish a Committee of Privileges to solve a dispute between the two Houses of the Oireachtas as to whether or not a bill is a money bill. Address to the Oireachtas The president may address, or send a message to, either or both Houses of the Oireachtas. Four such addresses have been made: one by de Valera, two by Robinson, and one by McAleese. Address to the Nation The president may "address a message to the Nation" subject to the same conditions as an address to the Oireachtas. This power has never been used. Under the Presidential Elections Act, 1993 a candidate's election formally takes place in the form of a 'declaration' by the returning officer. Where more than one candidate is nominated, the election is 'adjourned' so that a ballot can take place, allowing the electors to choose between candidates. A presidential election is held in time for the winner to take office the day after the end of the incumbent's seven year term. In the event of premature vacancy, an election must be held within sixty days. Candidates must be Irish citizens and over 35 years old. There is a discrepancy between the English and Irish language texts of Article 12.4.1°. According to the English text, an eligible candidate "has reached his thirty fifth year of age", whereas the Irish text states "ag a bhfuil cúig bliana tríochad slán (has completed his thirty five years)". Because a person's thirty fifth year of life begins on their thirty fourth birthday, this means there is a year's difference between the minimum ages as stated in the two texts. However, the Irish version of the subsection prevails in accordance with the rule stated in Article 25.5.4°. Various proposals have been made to amend the Constitution so as to eliminate this discrepancy. The 29th government introduced the Thirty fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015 to reduce the age of candidacy from 35 to 21, which was put to referendum in May 2015; the bill was heavily defeated, with approximately 73% of voters voting against. Presidents can serve a maximum of two terms, consecutive or otherwise. At least 20 members of the Oireachtas; Therefore, between midnight and the inauguration the following day the presidential duties and functions are carried out by the presidential commission. The constitution also empowers the Council of State, acting by a majority of its members, to "make such provision as to them may seem meet" for the exercise of the duties of the president in any contingency the constitution does not foresee. However, to date, it has never been necessary for the council to take up this role. Although an outgoing president who has been re elected is usually described in the media as "president" before the taking of the Declaration of Office, that is actually incorrect. Technically, the outgoing president is a former president and, if re elected, president elect. Vacancies in the presidency have occurred three times: on the death in office of Erskine Hamilton Childers in 1974, and on the resignations of Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh in 1976 and Mary Robinson in 1997.
Вакансии в должности президента возникали трижды: в связи со смертью на посту Эрскина Гамильтона Чайлдерса в 1974 году, а также в связи с отставками Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh в 1976 году и Мэри Робинсон в 1997 году.
Referral of bills to the Supreme Court The president may refer a bill, in whole or part, to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality. If the Supreme Court finds any referred part unconstitutional, the entire bill falls. This power may not be applied to a money bill, a bill to amend the Constitution, or an urgent bill the time for the consideration of which has been abridged in the Seanad. This is the most widely used reserve power; a full list is at Council of State (Ireland)#Referring of bills. In a 1982 judgment delivered under such a referral, Chief Justice Tom O'Higgins bemoaned the crude strictures of the prescribed process; especially the fact that, if the court finds that a bill does not violate the Constitution, this judgment can never subsequently be challenged. Abridgement of the time for bills in the Seanad The president may, at the request of the Dáil, impose a time limit on the period during which the Seanad may consider a bill. The effect of this power is to restrict the power of the Seanad to delay a bill that the government considers urgent. Appointment of a Committee of Privileges The president may, if requested to do so by the Seanad, establish a Committee of Privileges to solve a dispute between the two Houses of the Oireachtas as to whether or not a bill is a money bill. Address to the Oireachtas The president may address, or send a message to, either or both Houses of the Oireachtas. Four such addresses have been made: one by de Valera, two by Robinson, and one by McAleese. Address to the Nation The president may "address a message to the Nation" subject to the same conditions as an address to the Oireachtas. This power has never been used. Under the Presidential Elections Act, 1993 a candidate's election formally takes place in the form of a 'declaration' by the returning officer. Where more than one candidate is nominated, the election is 'adjourned' so that a ballot can take place, allowing the electors to choose between candidates. A presidential election is held in time for the winner to take office the day after the end of the incumbent's seven year term. In the event of premature vacancy, an election must be held within sixty days. Candidates must be Irish citizens and over 35 years old. There is a discrepancy between the English and Irish language texts of Article 12.4.1°. According to the English text, an eligible candidate "has reached his thirty fifth year of age", whereas the Irish text states "ag a bhfuil cúig bliana tríochad slán (has completed his thirty five years)". Because a person's thirty fifth year of life begins on their thirty fourth birthday, this means there is a year's difference between the minimum ages as stated in the two texts. However, the Irish version of the subsection prevails in accordance with the rule stated in Article 25.5.4°. Various proposals have been made to amend the Constitution so as to eliminate this discrepancy. The 29th government introduced the Thirty fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015 to reduce the age of candidacy from 35 to 21, which was put to referendum in May 2015; the bill was heavily defeated, with approximately 73% of voters voting against. Presidents can serve a maximum of two terms, consecutive or otherwise. At least 20 members of the Oireachtas; Therefore, between midnight and the inauguration the following day the presidential duties and functions are carried out by the presidential commission. The constitution also empowers the Council of State, acting by a majority of its members, to "make such provision as to them may seem meet" for the exercise of the duties of the president in any contingency the constitution does not foresee. However, to date, it has never been necessary for the council to take up this role. Although an outgoing president who has been re elected is usually described in the media as "president" before the taking of the Declaration of Office, that is actually incorrect. Technically, the outgoing president is a former president and, if re elected, president elect. Vacancies in the presidency have occurred three times: on the death in office of Erskine Hamilton Childers in 1974, and on the resignations of Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh in 1976 and Mary Robinson in 1997.
Официальное место жительства, приветствие, стиль и адрес
Официальная резиденция президента – Áras an Uachtaráin, расположенная в парке Феникс в Дублине. Это здание, состоящее из девяноста двух комнат, ранее служило внесезонной резиденцией ирландского лорда-лейтенанта, а также резиденцией двух из трех ирландских генерал-губернаторов: Тима Хили и Джеймса МакНилла. Президента обычно называют "Президент" или "Uachtarán", а не "господин/госпожа президент" или подобные обращения. Обычно используется обращение "Его Превосходительство/Ее Превосходительство" (A Shoilse/A Soilse); иногда люди устно обращаются к президенту как "Ваше Превосходительство" (A Shoilse) или просто "Президент" (A Uachtaráin, в звательном падеже). Президентский салют взят из Национального гимна "Amhrán na bhFiann". Он состоит из первых четырех тактов и последних пяти, исполняемых без слов.
Инаугурация
Церемония инаугурации проходит на следующий день после истечения срока полномочий предыдущего президента. В конституции не указано место проведения церемонии, но все инаугурации проходили в зале Святого Патрика в Государственных апартаментах Дублинского замка. Церемония транслируется в прямом эфире национальным вещателем RTÉ на его основных телевизионных и радиоканалах, как правило, начиная с 11 утра. Чтобы подчеркнуть значимость события, на ней присутствуют все ключевые фигуры исполнительной власти (правительство Ирландии), законодательной власти (Oireachtas) и судебной власти, а также члены дипломатического корпуса и другие приглашенные гости. В период Ирландского свободного государства (1922–1937 гг.) генерал-губернатор вступал в должность в качестве представителя Короны на скромной церемонии, дважды в здании Лейнстер-хаус (место заседаний Oireachtas), но в случае последнего генерал-губернатора, Домхналла Уа Буачалла, – в гостиной его брата. В отличие от этого, Конституция Ирландии, принятая в 1937 году, требует, чтобы президент принес присягу публично.
Импичмент и отстранение от должности
Президент может быть отстранен от должности двумя способами, ни один из которых никогда не применялся. Верховный суд, в составе не менее пяти судей, может признать президента "постоянно недееспособным". Любая из палат Ойрехтаса может инициировать эту процедуру, приняв резолюцию об импичменте, при условии, что за нее проголосуют не менее тридцати членов и не менее двух третей голосов. Другая палата затем либо расследует изложенные обвинения, либо поручает это сделать специальной комиссии; после чего не менее двух третей ее членов должны согласиться с тем, что президент виновен и что обвинения оправдывают отстранение от должности. Кроме того, согласно Закону о внешних отношениях того же года, именно этот король представлял государство в международных делах. Следовательно, договоры подписывались от имени короля Ирландии, который также аккредитовал послов и принимал верительные грамоты иностранных дипломатов. В любом случае, это означало, что Георг VI считался главой ирландского государства в глазах иностранных государств. Закон о Республике Ирландия 1948 года, вступивший в силу в апреле 1949 года, провозгласил республику и передал функцию представительства государства за рубежом от монарха президенту. В конституцию никаких изменений внесено не было. По словам Десмонда Олтона (владельца замка Клонтарф), его отец, Джон Джордж Олтон, предложил Эамону де Валере в конце существования Ирландского свободного государства, чтобы у Ирландии снова был свой король, как это было во времена гэльской Ирландии. Он предложил ему, члену клана О'Брайен, происходящему по отцовской линии от Брайана Бору, предыдущего Верховного короля Ирландии: наиболее старшим представителем в то время был Доно О'Брайен, 16-й барон Инчикуин. А те, кто стремился к должности, сталкиваясь с экономической нестабильностью, часто предлагали упразднить ее в целях экономии средств. Однако, несмотря на историческую скромность президентского поста, он неоднократно оказывался в центре громких скандалов. В частности, пятый президент, Чербалл О Далаг, в 1976 году столкнулся с острым конфликтом с правительством по поводу подписания законопроекта о введении чрезвычайного положения, что привело к его отставке. Его преемник, Патрик Хиллери, также оказался вовлечен в скандал в 1982 году, когда тогдашний премьер-министр Гаррет Фитцджеральд потребовал роспуска Дайла Эйреанн. Хиллери был завален телефонными звонками от членов оппозиции, призывающих его отклонить просьбу, что он расценил как крайне неуместное вмешательство в конституционные полномочия президента и сопротивлялся политическому давлению. Президентский пост начал преобразовываться в 1990-х годах. Информация о поведении Хиллери в связи с роспуском в 1982 году стала известна в 1990 году, придав должности новое чувство достоинства и стабильности. Однако именно преемница Хиллери, седьмой президент Мэри Робинсон, в конечном итоге произвела революцию в президентском институте. Робинсон, одержавшая неожиданную победу на весьма спорных выборах 1990 года, была кандидатом от Лейбористской партии, первым президентом, победившим "Фианна Файл" на выборах, и первой женщиной-президентом. Однако после избрания Робинсон предприняла шаги по деполитизации должности. Она также стремилась расширить сферу деятельности президента, развивая новые экономические, политические и культурные связи между государством и другими странами и культурами, особенно с ирландской диаспорой. Робинсон использовала престиж своего поста в целях общественной деятельности, уделяя особое внимание потребностям развивающихся стран, связывая историю Великого ирландского голода с современными проблемами питания, бедности и политики, стремясь создать мост партнерства между развитыми и развивающимися странами. Действующий президент, Майкл Д. Хиггинс, выбирает получать ту же зарплату, хотя он имеет право на более высокую сумму в размере 325 507 евро. Общий бюджет Канцелярии Президента на 2017 год составил 3,9 миллиона евро, из которых 2,6 миллиона евро были направлены на оплату труда и текущие расходы, а остаток – на "Президентскую награду", выплачиваемую столетним юбилярам. Зарплата была установлена в размере 5000 фунтов стерлингов с 1938 по 1973 год, после чего она рассчитывалась на 10% выше, чем у главного судьи. После экономического спада в Ирландии после 2008 года большинство работников государственного сектора столкнулись со значительным сокращением заработной платы, но Конституция запрещала сокращение заработной платы президента и судебной власти во время их пребывания в должности, чтобы предотвратить использование такого сокращения правительством для оказания политического давления на них. Хотя конституционная поправка 2011 года разрешила сокращение заработной платы судей, она не распространялась на президента, хотя действующий президент Мэри Макалис предложила добровольно сократить свою зарплату в знак солидарности.
Роль президента в отношении Северной Ирландии
Текст Конституции Ирландии, как первоначально принятой в 1937 году, ссылается в своих статьях 2 и 3 на два геополитических образования: тридцать два графства «национальной территории» (то есть, остров Ирландии) и двадцать шесть графств «государство», ранее известное как Ирландское свободное государство. В названии «президент Ирландии» подразумевалось, что президент будет выступать в качестве главы всей Ирландии. Однако это предположение было оспорено ульстерскими юнионистами и Соединенным Королевством Великобритании и Северной Ирландии, которое было государством, признанным на международном уровне как обладающее суверенитетом над Северной Ирландией. Статьи 2 и 3 были существенно изменены в результате Соглашения Страстной пятницы 1998 года. Ирландия, в свою очередь, оспорила провозглашение в Соединенном Королевстве королевы Елизаветы II в 1952 году как «Королевы Соединенного Королевства Великобритании и Северной Ирландии». В результате ирландское правительство отказалось посещать королевские мероприятия; например, Патрик Хиллери отказался по совету правительства посетить свадьбу принца Уэльского с леди Дианой Спенсер в 1981 году, на которую его пригласила королева Елизавета, так же как Шон Т. О’Келли отказался по совету правительства посетить вечеринку в саду короны в 1953 году в британском посольстве в Дублине. Великобритания, в свою очередь, настаивала на том, чтобы называть президента «президентом Ирландской Республики» или «президентом Ирландской Республики». Письма о назначении послов Соединенного Королевства в Ирландии, представленные королевой Елизаветой по совету британского правительства, были адресованы не «президенту Ирландии», а лично президенту (например: «президенту Хиллери»). Споры о наименовании и, как следствие, избегание контактов на уровне глав государств постепенно ослабли с 1990 года. Президент Робинсон (1990–1997) решила в одностороннем порядке нарушить табу, регулярно посещая Соединенное Королевство для публичных мероприятий, часто в связи с англо-ирландскими отношениями или посещая ирландскую эмигрантскую общину в Великобритании. В качестве еще одного прецедента она приняла приглашение королевы Елизаветы II в Букингемский дворец. В аккредитации, предоставленной журналистам, упоминался «визит президента Ирландии». В период с 1990 по 2010 год Робинсон и ее преемник, президент МакАлиз (1997–2011), неоднократно посещали дворец, в то время как высокопоставленные члены британской королевской семьи – тогдашний принц Уэльский (ныне Карл III), герцог Йоркский, принц Эдвард, тогда граф Уэссекский, и принц Филипп, герцог Эдинбургский – посещали обоих президентов Ирландии в Арас-ан-Уахтархайн. Президенты также посещали мероприятия с принцессой. Президент Робинсон совместно с королевой организовала прием во дворце Сент-Джеймса в Лондоне в 1995 году в честь сто пятидесятой годовщины основания Королевских колледжей в 1845 году (Королевские колледжи теперь известны как Королевский университет Белфаста, Университетский колледж Корка и Университет Голуэя). Эти контакты в конечном итоге привели к государственному визиту Елизаветы II в Ирландию в 2011 году. Хотя титул президента подразумевал, что он обладает властью в Северной Ирландии, на самом деле ирландскому президенту требовалось разрешение правительства для посещения этой страны. (В статье 3 Конституции Ирландии прямо указано, что «до восстановления национальной территории» власть ирландского государства не распространяется на Северную Ирландию. Президентам до президентства Мэри Робинсон регулярно отказывали в разрешении ирландского правительства посещать Северную Ирландию.) Однако с 1990-х годов и особенно после Соглашения Страстной пятницы 1998 года президент регулярно посещал Северную Ирландию. Президент МакАлиз, которая была первым президентом, родившимся в Северной Ирландии, продолжила курс, начатый президентом Робинсон в этом отношении. В знак теплоты современных британо-ирландских отношений ее тепло приветствовали большинство ведущих юнионистов. На похоронах ребенка, убитого Реальной ИРА в Омаге, она символически прошла по главному проходу церкви, держась за руку с лидером партии Ульстера и первым министром Северной Ирландии, Дэвидом Тримблом. Но в других случаях Мэри МакАлиз подвергалась критике за определенные высказывания, такие как ссылка на то, как протестантских детей в Северной Ирландии воспитывали в ненависти к католикам, так же как немецких детей поощряли ненавидеть евреев во время нацистского режима, 27 января 2005 года, после ее участия в церемонии, посвященной шестидесятой годовщине освобождения концентрационного лагеря Освенцим. Эти замечания вызвали возмущение среди юнионистских политиков Северной Ирландии, и МакАлиз позже принесла извинения и признала, что ее заявление было несбалансированным.
Предложения по реформе
За эти годы было много предложений по реформированию института президентства. В 1996 году Группа по пересмотру Конституции рекомендовала оставить должность президента в основном без изменений. Однако было предложено внести поправки в Конституцию, чтобы явно определить президента как главу государства (в настоящее время этот термин в тексте отсутствует), а также рассмотреть возможность введения в Дэйле системы конструктивного вотума недоверия, аналогичной немецкой. В случае введения такой системы, полномочия президента отклонять просьбу о роспуске Дэйла стали бы в значительной степени излишними и могли быть упразднены. Всепартийный комитет Орайхтата по Конституции в своем отчете 1998 года выдвинул схожие рекомендации. В октябрьском опросе 2009 года, проведенном Sunday Independent и касающемся поддержки различных потенциальных кандидатов на президентских выборах 2011 года, сообщалось, что "значительное число" респондентов считает, что институт президентства – это бесполезная трата средств и его следует упразднить.
Список президентов Ирландии
Функции президента осуществлялись Президентской комиссией с момента вступления в силу Конституции 29 декабря 1937 года до избрания Дугласа Хайда в 1938 году и во время вакансий в 1974, 1976 и 1997 годах. № (Номер) Портрет Имя Предыдущая должность Срок полномочий Выдвинут Выборы Вступил в должность Покинул должность Время в должности1 Дуглас Хайд Сенатор 25 июня 1938 24 июня 1945 Фианна Файл 1938 Файн Гейл2 Сеан Т. О’Келли Танаист 25 июня 1945 24 июня 1959 Фианна Файл 1945 Сам 19523 Эмон де Валера Таоич 25 июня 1959 24 июня 1973 Фианна Файл 1959 Фианна Файл 19664 Эрскин Гамильтон Чилдерс Танаист 25 июня 1973 17 ноября 1974 Фианна Файл 19735 Цеарбхолл О’Дайгал Главный судья Ирландии 19 декабря 1974 22 октября 1976 Всепартийная номинация 19746 Патрик Гиллери Европейский комиссар по социальным вопросам 3 декабря 1976 2 декабря 1990 Фианна Файл 1976 Фианна Файл 19837 Мэри Робинсон Сенатор 3 декабря 1990 12 сентября 1997 Лейбористская партия 1990 Рабочая партия Независимые8 Мэри МакАли́з Профессор уголовного права, криминологии и пенологии в Тринити-колледже Дублина 11 ноября 1997 10 ноября 2011 Фианна Файл 1997 Прогрессивные демократы Сам 20049 Майкл Д. Хиггинс Министр по делам искусства, культуры и гэльского языка 11 ноября 2011 Действующий Лейбористская партия 2011 Сам 2018
Бывшие президенты, способные и готовые исполнять обязанности, являются членами Совета Государства.
Статистика
Дуглас Хайд был самым пожилым президентом, вступившим в должность, в возрасте 78 лет. Эмон де Валера был самым пожилым президентом, покинувшим должность, в возрасте 90 лет. Мэри МакАли́з была самым молодым президентом, вступившим в должность, в возрасте 46 лет. Мэри Робинсон была самым молодым президентом, покинувшим должность, в возрасте 53 лет, и первой женщиной, ставшей президентом. Эрскин Чайлдерс, скончавшийся на посту, имел самый короткий срок пребывания в должности – 511 дней. Кербхалл О́ Дала́й, подавший в отставку, занимал должность 674 дня. Четыре президента занимали должность два срока, что в общей сложности составляет четырнадцать лет: Шон Т. О’Келли, Эмон де Валера, Патрик Хиллери и Мэри МакАли́з.