Киевская крепость: История и архитектура оборонительных сооружений

The Kyiv Fortress or Kiev Fortress (Київська фортеця; Киевская крепость) (also New Pechersk Fortress) is a historical and architectural monument complex of Russian fortifications in Kyiv, Ukraine built from the 17th through 19th centuries. Construction began after the 1654 Council in Pereiaslav, on the site of the already existing fortified monastery of Kyiv Pechersk Lavra. Located on the hills of the high right bank of the Dnieper, bounded on the north by the Klovsky ravine, on the south and west – by the slopes of the Lybid River valley. The Kyiv Fortress once belonged to the extensive system of western Russian fortresses that existed in the Russian Empire. The Kyiv Fortress complex features many separate fortifications in Vasylkivka, Pechersk, Лисогірський форт, Podil, Zvirynetska, and other city districts of Kyiv. Currently, most of the remaining structures have received a historic designation. The main fortification associated with the Kyiv Fortress (where located the Historic and Architectural Museum) is the Hospital fortification.

The history of the fortification of Kyiv began at the end of the 5th – beginning of the 6th century from the settlement on Old Kyiv (Starokyivska) hill. Then it was fortified with earthen ramparts, ditches and fences. With Kyiv gaining the designation of the capital of Kievan Rus, a large system of fortifications of the city was created. Each part of the city had its own defense system. After the defeat by Batu Khan during the siege of Kyiv (1240), the fortifications fell into disrepair. A new stage begins during the Polish Lithuanian rule – a fortress castle was built on Mount Khorivytsia in Podil (Lithuanian Castle). Already under the rule of the Muscovite Kingdom, the territory of Kyiv was built up with fortress fortifications from Khreshchatyk to Pechersk – the last fortification to be built. This was done in order to prevent the penetration of the enemy through the territory of the then Ukraine to Russia. In 1679, the Cossack troops under the leadership of Hetman Samoilovich during the last years of the 17th century united the Old Kyiv and Pechersk fortifications – and one huge fortress was formed. At the beginning of the XVIII century, the Pechersk citadel was already completely rebuilt. In 1682, the fortress was encircled by Ottoman troops but later abandoned. Having lost their military importance in the 20th century, the buildings continued to be used as barracks, storage and incarceration facilities. Some of them played independent historical roles. The Kosyi Caponier ("Skew Caponier") became a prison for the political inmates in the 1900s–1920s and was later turned into a Soviet museum. Now it is the center of the modern museum, the National Historical and Architectural Museum "Kyiv Fortress", located on the premises of the Main Military Clinical Hospital of Kyiv. A small fortress built in 1872 on the legendary Lysa Hora ("Bald Mountain") in 1906 became a place of executions for convicted political inmates. It is now a landscape reserve and part of the museum complex.

The fortress complex consisted of about four main areas, the western side which had the hospital fortification and the Vasylkiv fortification, the northern (city) side had the Kyiv Arsenal area including government buildings and gendarme barracks, the southern side included the Kyiv Pechersk citadel with Lavra, was reinforced with four lunettes and further to the south with Zvirynets fortification, on Trukhaniv island across Dnieper was located a brick factory. There were seven round or semi round fortified buildings, conditionally called towers. Three of those towers were part of the Vasylkiv fortification. One semi tower was part of the hospital fortification.

Constantine Ypsilantis – served as a commandant of the Pechersk Fortress between 1807 and 1816.