Сенат штата Флорида: структура и функции

Upper house of the Florida Legislature

The Florida Senate is the upper house of the Florida Legislature, the state legislature of the U. S. state of Florida, the Florida House of Representatives being the lower house. Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of Florida, adopted in 1968, defines the role of the Legislature and how it is to be constituted. The Senate is composed of 40 members, each elected from a single member district with a population of approximately 540,000 residents. Legislative districts are drawn on the basis of population figures, provided by the federal decennial census. Senators' terms begin immediately upon their election. The Senate Chamber is located in the State Capitol building. Following the November 2022 elections, Republicans hold a supermajority in the chamber with 28 seats; Democrats are in the minority with 12 seats.

Article III, of the Florida Constitution, defines the terms for state legislators. The Constitution requires state senators from odd numbered districts to be elected in the years that end in numbers of which are multiples of four. Senators from even numbered districts are required to be elected in even numbered years the numbers of which are not multiples of four. To reflect the results of the U. S. census and the redrawing of district boundaries, all seats are up for election in redistricting years, with some terms truncated as a result. Thus, senators in odd numbered districts were elected to two year terms in 2022 (following the 2020 Census), and senators in odd numbered districts will be elected to two year terms in 2032 (following the 2030 census). Legislators take office immediately upon election.

In a referendum on November 3, 1992, 77% of Florida voters backed Amendment 9, the Florida Term Limits Amendment, which amended the Florida State Constitution, to enact eight year term limits on federal and state officials. Under the Amendment, former members could be elected again after a two year break. In 1995, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in U. S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton that states could not enact congressional term limits, but ruled that the state level term limits could remain.

Florida legislators must be at least twenty one years old, an elector and resident of their district, and must have resided in Florida for at least two years prior to election.

The Florida Legislature meets in a 60 day regular legislative session each year. Regular sessions in odd numbered years must begin on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in March. Under the State Constitution, the Legislature can begin even numbered year regular sessions at a time of its choosing. Prior to 1991, regular sessions began in April. Senate Joint Resolution 380 (1989) proposed to the voters a constitutional amendment (approved November 1990) that shifted the starting date of regular sessions from April to February. Subsequently, Senate Joint Resolution 2606 (1994) proposed to the voters a constitutional amendment (approved November 1994) shifting the start date to March, where it remains. The reason for the "first Tuesday after the first Monday" requirement stems back to the time when sessions began in April. Sessions could start any day from April 2 through April 8, but never on April 1 April Fool's Day. In recent years, the Legislature has opted to start in January in order to allow lawmakers to be home with their families during school spring breaks, and to give more time ahead of the legislative elections in the Fall.

On the fourteenth day following each general election, the Legislature meets for an organizational session to organize and select officers.

Special legislative sessions may be called by the governor, by a joint proclamation of the Senate president and House speaker, or by a three fifths vote of all legislators. During a special session, the Legislature may only address legislative business that is within the purpose or purposes stated in the proclamation calling the session.