История сетевого обмена файлами

None

This is a timeline of events in the history of networked file sharing.

1976 – Xmodem a point to point binary transfer protocol by Ward Christensen. February 1978 – Ward Christensen's CBBS becomes the first Bulletin board system. BBS access is limited to phone lines until the early 1990s. 1979 – Usenet conceived by Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University. Its primary purpose is to facilitate focused discussion threads within topical categories (Usenet newsgroups), but it also allows the transfer of files. as of 2021 alt. binaries. * newsgroups continue to serve files.

Most file sharing in this era was done by modem over landline telephone, at speeds from 300 to 9600 bits per second. Many file systems in use only supported short filenames. Computer memory and speed was very limited, with 33 MHz CPUs only being accessible to consumers at the end of the decade. 1981 – Kermit (protocol) – a binary protocol that can be used with telnet or other BBS systems to transfer binary data. January 1984 – In Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., the Supreme Court of the United States finds that making individual copies of complete television shows for purposes of time shifting is fair use. This case would create some interpretative challenges to courts in applying the case to more recent file sharing technologies available for use on home computers and over the Internet. 1984 – Fidonet, an inter BBS protocol that became widely available, is founded by Tom Jennings. October 1985 – File Transfer Protocol is standardized in RFC 959, authored by Postel and Reynolds. FTP allows files to be efficiently uploaded and downloaded from a central server. 1985 – Ymodem – a minor improvement to Xmodem. 1986 – Zmodem – another point to point binary transfer protocol, which had superior long distance (high latency) transmission. August 1988 – Internet Relay Chat is created by Jarkko Oikarinen.

In computer science terms, modern file sharing begins in the 2000s. Several file sharing protocols and file formats were introduced, along with nearly a decade in protocol experimentation. Towards the end of the 2000s, BitTorrent became subject to a "man in the middle" attack in TCP mode – and this has led most file sharing protocols to move to UDP towards the very end of the decade. Client and tracker software in this era was in development as much as the transmission protocols, so the file trading software was not always as reliable as it could have been.

January – My. MP3. com is released by MP3. com. March – Scour Exchange is released as a P2P file exchange service to compete with Napster. In addition to audio files, it also supports sharing of other media as well as software. March – Gnutella becomes the first decentralized file sharing network with the release of a network client by Justin Frankel and Tom Pepper of Nullsoft. Like Napster, users could share large numbers of files at once, and search across the entire network for files. March – Phex (formerly FURI) Gnutella client released. May – UMG v. MP3. com causes My. MP3. com to shut down. MSN Messenger 3.0 becomes the first version to include file transfer capability. June – Slyck. com (originally Slyway. com) launches. July – Freenet is created by Ian Clarke. Its goal is to provide freedom of speech through a peer to peer network which focuses on protecting anonymity. Files are distributed across the computers of Freenet's users. Ian Clarke's paper would become the most cited computer science paper of 2000. Freenet would become a darknet in 2008. September – eDonkey2000 client and server software is released by Jed McCaleb, introducing hashing into decentralized file sharing. October – Scour Exchange is shut down as Scour Inc. files for bankruptcy in the face of copyright infringement litigation. October – Napster is credited with driving Radiohead's Kid A album to the top of the Billboard charts. December – Peer to peer file sharing client WinMX 1.8 beta is released, providing users with another way to connect to Napster (later OpenNap) networks. December – Bearshare was launched as a Gnutella based peer to peer file sharing application.

February – A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.
February – Napster peaks at 26.4 million users. March – Kazaa and the FastTrack proprietary protocol are released by Niklas Zennström, Janus Friis, and Priit Kasesalu. The Kazaa Media Desktop client came bundled with malware. Legal action in the Netherlands would force an offshoring of the company, renamed Sharman Networks. In September 2003, the RIAA would file suit against private individuals allegedly sharing files via Kazaa. In September 2005, UMA v. Sharman would be ruled against Sharman by the Federal Court of Australia. Sharman's non compliance would prompt censorship of the program in Australia. In July 2006, the MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. would cause Sharman to settle for $100 million and convert Kazaa to a legal only file sharing program. April – Morpheus is released by MusicCity (later StreamCast), after licensing the FastTrack protocol. MusicCity had previously operated OpenNap servers. Morpheus would become a popular FastTrack client, with 4.5 million users, until licensing disputes and a protocol switch in February 2002. In March 2003, the Morpheus client was re released to operate on Gnutella, using Gnucleus servant as its core. In June 2005, a redesigned Morpheus client would be released. In June 2005, MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. would be decided against StreamCast. In June 2008, the Morpheus client would become no longer available for download. April – gtk gnutella client is released. July – Napster shuts down due to injunction. Many former Napster users move to OpenNap servers. July – Audiogalaxy Satellite client reaches 1 million downloads. July 2 – BitTorrent released by Bram Cohen. Users only upload one or a small number of files at a time, but all peers are forced to seed to other peers from the parts of a file they have received so far. Initially, programs did not include a search function, so indexing sites sprung up. Downloads for popular files tend to be faster than on many other networks. August – ShareReactor eDonkey network index site founded. It would be taken down by police in March 2004. September – Sony Music Entertainment admitted that they had included digital rights management software on Michael Jackson's You Rock My World single, perhaps the first such scheme to be implemented. October – Mutella client is released. By 2007, it would no longer be functional. October – Apple released the first iPod, which would eventually become the most popular portable mp3 player. October – Windows Media Player 8 includes the ability to rip CDs to mp3 for the first time. October 2 – The MPAA and the RIAA file a lawsuit against the developers of Kazaa, Morpheus and Grokster that would lead to the US Supreme Court's MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. decision in 2005. November – GNUnet is first publicly announced. November – DC++ is created for the Direct Connect network and would become the most popular client.

February 21 – Razorback2, a Swiss indexing server and one of the biggest on the eDonkey network, is raided and taken down. May 31 – The servers of the Swedish website The Pirate Bay are raided by 50 Swedish police officers, causing it to go offline for three days. June, July – AT&T and Comcast stop offering Newsgroups. Sprint, Time Warner Cable and Verizon drop the alt. * or alt. binaries. * hierarchy. August 21 – "Weird Al" Yankovic releases "Don't Download This Song" exclusively as a digital download via MySpace and YouTube lampooning several events in the music filesharing history to this point. October – YouTube announced the introduction of a "content identification architecture" which allows them to locate videos under copyright, and remove them. If copyright holders choose to leave the video up, YouTube agrees to pay them a share of the advertising revenue. Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group all agree to this approach. MediaFire, file host, is launched. 2006 – Anonymous friend to friend client Retroshare is first released.

EMI gave up using digital rights management on their audio CD's, the last music company to do so. August 9 – Microsoft launches Windows Live SkyDrive in the United Kingdom and India. They gradually made it available in more countries, and in January 2014, the service was renamed OneDrive. August 21 – Suprnova. org is relaunched by The Pirate Bay. September – Amazon. com begins selling mp3's free of digital rights management. October 12 – RIAA files a lawsuit against Usenet. com, accusing it of being an illicit peer to peer file sharing site. October 23 – OiNK's Pink Palace BitTorrent Tracker is raided and shut down by a joint effort between Dutch and British police. October 24 – The civil court jury trial for Capitol v. Thomas, the first lawsuit by major record labels against an alleged file sharer, concludes with a verdict for the plaintiffs and a statutory damage award of US$9,250 for each of 24 songs, for a total of $222,000. This was vacated due to an error in jury instruction, and a new trial was held in 2009. November 9 – The Demonoid BitTorrent tracker shuts down until April 2008 citing legal threats by the CRIA. December 20 – Shareaza. com, the homepage of Shareaza, is taken over by Discordia Ltd., a company closely related to the RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America). It now distributes software containing spyware and adware.

Sony BMG opens up their music catalog for sale over internet DRM free, the last music company to allow this. January 10 – A trademark claiming the name Shareaza is filled by Discordia Ltd.
March 24 – TorrentSpy shuts down citing hostile legal climate. April 11 – Demonoid comes back online. May 7 – TorrentSpy is ordered to pay $110 million in damages by US court. May 8 – Freenet darknet rewrite is released. August 8 – Italy prevents their citizens from accessing The Pirate Bay and forwards their traffic to IFPI instead. September – Dropbox launches to the public. October 10 – An appeal by The Pirate Bay's lawyers succeeds in lifting the Italian ban. October 29 – Morpheus website taken down; client is no longer available. November 27 – A Danish court rules that ISPs must block access to the website The Pirate Bay. December 16 – ShareReactor is reopened by The Pirate Bay. December 19 – The RIAA claims to have ended its P2P litigation campaign against individuals in the U. S., which had been losing money, in favor of a three strikes campaign. However, some new lawsuits continued to be filed.

January – Apple's iTunes Store began offering all of its digital tracks free from Digital rights management. February 16 – The Pirate Bay trial starts. February 23 – OneSwarm is released. April 17 – The Pirate Bay trial concludes with a guilty verdict; each defendant is sentenced to one year in jail and a total of 30 million SEK (US$3.6 million, 2.7 million EUR) in fines and damages. The people behind The Pirate Bay declare they will appeal the ruling. April 24 – Legal fees in record industry lawsuits cause SeeqPod to sell its technology; the site closes until it finds a buyer. June 15 – In the retrial of the 2007 Capitol v. Thomas case, a jury again finds in favor of the plaintiffs, and awards statutory damages of $80,000 per song, for a total of $1.92 million. June 30 – Swedish gaming company Global Gaming Factory says it has an interest in purchasing The Pirate Bay. Global Gaming factory eventually lose funding to do so. (GGF). September 9 – Six alleged members of the mp3 warez group Rabid Neurosis were indicted on charges of conspiracy to commit copyright infringement. Two were acquitted. Four pleaded guilty, and served 3 month prison sentences. September 14 – Demonoid experiences hardware damage from power outages causing a three month downtime. September 30 – Global Gaming Factory fails to produce the funds to purchase The Pirate Bay and the deal is put to an end. November 26 – Mininova has removed torrents to all copyrighted content that it does not have official agreements for. December – BtChina and about 530 other sites registered in China were closed down. December 13 – Demonoid is back online.

In computer science terms, there have been few significant developments in the 2010s. The BitTorrent protocol and clients have become more stable, adopting UDP to defend against transmission problems related to TCP. IPv6 support increased with clients and trackers.

October 26, 2010 – US federal court judge Kimba Wood issued an injunction forcing LimeWire to prevent "the searching, downloading, uploading, file trading and/or file distribution functionality, and/or all functionality" of its software (see Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC). As a result, LimeWire May 5, 2011 and newer have been disabled using a backdoor installed by the company. November 9, 2010 – First release of a modified version of LimeWire Pro with all undesirable components removed (such as ad and spyware, as well as dependencies to LimeWire LLC servers) under the name of "LimeWire Pirate Edition", enabling access to all advanced features of the professional version for free. November 26, 2010 – The verdict in The Pirate Bay trial was announced. The appeal court shortened sentences of three of the defendants who appeared in court that day. Neij's sentence was reduced to 10 months, Sunde's to eight, and Lundström's to four. However, the fine was increased from 32 to 46 million kronor.

March 2011 – A case involving LimeWire is announced, with an attempt to sue the company for up to $75 trillion. June 2011 – Malaysia government blocked 10 file sharing sites. October 2011 – Foxy (P2P) shut down. British Telecom received a court order to block access to Newzbin2.

January 2012 – The office of EX. UA was raided and service shut down. It was restored in February. February 2012 – The domain names of the popular one click hosting service Megaupload were seized and the site was shut down by the United States Department of Justice, following the indictment and arrests of the owners for allegedly operating as an organization dedicated to copyright infringement. February 2012 – FileServe and Filesonic, both popular file sharing sites voluntarily stop all sharing services, while another site, uploaded. to, begins blocking all IP addresses from the U. S.
February 2012 – Btjunkie, one of the most popular BitTorrent sites voluntarily shuts down. April 2012 – Google launches its Google Drive service. June 2012 – FDzone in Hong Kong and Macau was shut down. August 2012 – Seized Demonoid BitTorrent sites up for sale. Filesonic, which previously disabled its sharing services following Megaupload's shutdown, goes completely offline. September 2012 – The file sharing site uploaded. to switches its domain to uploaded. net; in addition, it starts allowing IP addresses from the U. S.

January 2013 – Mega, the successor to Megaupload, was launched from New Zealand. October 2013 – As part of a settlement with the MPAA, Gary Fung shuts down Torrent index site Isohunt, but mirrors soon pop up. December 2013 – Hotfile shuts down following a settlement made with the Motion Picture Association of America.

May 2014 – launched its Windows app (Public Beta). November 2014 – Tencent, the Chinese internet company behind QQ and WeChat sued Netease for streaming 623 songs it claims it held exclusive licenses for. At the time, Netease was offering a Grooveshark like free music service. December 2014 – IsoHunt release the source code for Pirate Bay allowing anyone to deploy their own version of The Pirate Bay.

July 2016 – The world's largest torrent site KickassTorrents shuts down. August 2016 – Torrent meta search engine Torrentz. eu takes its torrents down, but is soon replaced by torrentz2. eu. November 2016 – Private music tracker what. cd shut down.