Введение
Американские шпионы
Группа Перло — так называют группу американцев, возглавляемую Виктором Перло, которые предоставляли информацию советским разведывательным органам. Она действовала в период Второй мировой войны, пока вся группа не была раскрыта ФБР в результате перехода на сторону США Элизабет Бентли. В её распоряжении были источники в Совете по военному производству, подкомитете Сената Ла Фоллетта по гражданским свободам и в Министерстве финансов США.
American spies
Headed by Victor Perlo, the Perlo group is the name given to a group of Americans who provided information which was given to Soviet intelligence agencies; it was active during the World War II period, until the entire group was exposed to the FBI by the defection of Elizabeth Bentley. It had sources on the War Production Board, the Senate La Follette Subcommittee on Civil Liberties, and in the United States Department of Treasury.
Headed by Victor Perlo, the Perlo group is the name given to a group of Americans who provided information which was given to Soviet intelligence agencies; it was active during the World War II period, until the entire group was exposed to the FBI by the defection of Elizabeth Bentley. It had sources on the War Production Board, the Senate La Follette Subcommittee on Civil Liberties, and in the United States Department of Treasury.
Рассказ Элизабет Бентли
31 июля 1948 года Элизабет Бентли дала показания перед Комитетом Палаты представителей по расследованию антиамериканской деятельности (HUAC): МИСС БЕНТЛИ: У меня была еще одна группа, с которой я работала, и у меня были все основания полагать, что существовали и другие подобные группы. МР. СТРИПЛИНГ: Какая это была другая группа, с которой вы работали? МИСС БЕНТЛИ: Мы называли ее группой Перло. Фактически, это было бывшее подразделение Коммунистической партии, которое, по моему мнению, было сформировано в Вашингтоне в начале 1930-х годов. Судя по рассказам членов группы, они в течение нескольких лет собирали информацию, но несистематически. Проект Venona предоставил много полезной дополнительной информации о деятельности группы Перло. Первая расшифровка Venona, касающаяся группы Перло, содержит имена всех ее членов в открытом виде, поскольку кодовые имена еще не были присвоены. Бентли сообщила, что Джейкоб Голос рассказал ей о налаживании контакта с группой в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия, через Эрла Браудера. После смерти Голоса в 1943 году в 1944 году было организовано две встречи с этой группой. Браудер организовал первую встречу, которая состоялась в начале 1944 года. Встречи проходили в квартире Джона Абта в Нью-Йорке, где Бентли познакомилась с четырьмя людьми, идентифицированными как Виктор Перло, Чарльз Крамер, Гарри Магдофф и Эдвард Фицджеральд.
On July 31, 1948, Elizabeth Bentley testified before the House Un American Activities Committee (HUAC): MISS BENTLEY: I had one other group that I handled, and I had every reason to believe there were other groups also. MR. STRIPLING: What was the other group that you handled? MISS BENTLEY: We called it the Perlo group. It was actually an ex Communist Party unit that I believe had been set up in Washington in the early thirties, and I gather, from what the members of the group told me, that they had been in a minor way collecting information for some years but not in an organized fashion. Much useful additional information on the activities of the Perlo group was given by the Venona project. The first Venona transcript referencing the Perlo group gives the names of all the members in clear text, as code names had not yet been assigned. Bentley advised that Jacob Golos informed her he had made contact with a group in Washington, D. C. through Earl Browder. After the death of Golos in 1943, two meetings were arranged with this group in 1944. The first meeting was arranged by Browder and was held in early 1944. The meetings were held in the apartment of John Abt in New York City and Bentley was introduced to four individuals identified as Victor Perlo, Charles Kramer, Harry Magdoff and Edward Fitzgerald.
Отчет Уиттакера Чемберса
3 августа 1948 года Уиттакер Чемберс давал показания перед Комитетом Палаты представителей по расследованию антиамериканской деятельности (HUAC):
On August 3, 1948, Whittaker Chambers testified before HUAC: MR. CHAMBERS: The apparatus was organized with a leading group of seven men, each of whom was a leader of the cell. MR. STRIPLING: Could you name the seven individuals ? MR. CHAMBERS: The head of the group as I have said was at first Nathan Witt. Other members of the group were Lee Pressman, Alger Hiss, Donald Hiss, Victor Perlo, Charles Kramer MR. STRIPLING: When Miss Bentley testified before the committee last Saturday, Mr. Chambers, she mentioned the name of Victor Perlo as being the head of an espionage group. You have named Victor Perlo as a member of the apparatus. MR. CHAMBERS: Yes. MR. STRIPLING: At that time do you know whether or not Victor Perlo was employed in the Government? MR. CHAMBERS: I believe at that time Victor Perlo was employed by the Brookings Institution. MR. MUNDT: I think we read his employment record into the record of the hearing while Miss Bentley was testifying, did we not? MR. STRIPLING: Yes, Mr. Chairman. I have his employment history here. It is already in the record. MR. MUNDT: He was employed with the Government several times? MR. STRIPLING: That is true, and was with the Brookings Institution, also.
MR. ЧЕМБЕРС: Аппарат был организован вокруг руководящей группы из семи человек, каждый из которых был лидером ячейки.
On August 3, 1948, Whittaker Chambers testified before HUAC: MR. CHAMBERS: The apparatus was organized with a leading group of seven men, each of whom was a leader of the cell. MR. STRIPLING: Could you name the seven individuals ? MR. CHAMBERS: The head of the group as I have said was at first Nathan Witt. Other members of the group were Lee Pressman, Alger Hiss, Donald Hiss, Victor Perlo, Charles Kramer MR. STRIPLING: When Miss Bentley testified before the committee last Saturday, Mr. Chambers, she mentioned the name of Victor Perlo as being the head of an espionage group. You have named Victor Perlo as a member of the apparatus. MR. CHAMBERS: Yes. MR. STRIPLING: At that time do you know whether or not Victor Perlo was employed in the Government? MR. CHAMBERS: I believe at that time Victor Perlo was employed by the Brookings Institution. MR. MUNDT: I think we read his employment record into the record of the hearing while Miss Bentley was testifying, did we not? MR. STRIPLING: Yes, Mr. Chairman. I have his employment history here. It is already in the record. MR. MUNDT: He was employed with the Government several times? MR. STRIPLING: That is true, and was with the Brookings Institution, also.
MR. СТРИПЛИНГ: Не могли бы вы назвать этих семерых?
On August 3, 1948, Whittaker Chambers testified before HUAC: MR. CHAMBERS: The apparatus was organized with a leading group of seven men, each of whom was a leader of the cell. MR. STRIPLING: Could you name the seven individuals ? MR. CHAMBERS: The head of the group as I have said was at first Nathan Witt. Other members of the group were Lee Pressman, Alger Hiss, Donald Hiss, Victor Perlo, Charles Kramer MR. STRIPLING: When Miss Bentley testified before the committee last Saturday, Mr. Chambers, she mentioned the name of Victor Perlo as being the head of an espionage group. You have named Victor Perlo as a member of the apparatus. MR. CHAMBERS: Yes. MR. STRIPLING: At that time do you know whether or not Victor Perlo was employed in the Government? MR. CHAMBERS: I believe at that time Victor Perlo was employed by the Brookings Institution. MR. MUNDT: I think we read his employment record into the record of the hearing while Miss Bentley was testifying, did we not? MR. STRIPLING: Yes, Mr. Chairman. I have his employment history here. It is already in the record. MR. MUNDT: He was employed with the Government several times? MR. STRIPLING: That is true, and was with the Brookings Institution, also.
MR. ЧЕМБЕРС: Как я уже говорил, руководителем группы изначально был Натан Витт. Другими членами группы были Ли Прессман, Алджер Хисс, Дональд Хисс, Виктор Перло, Чарльз Крамер.
On August 3, 1948, Whittaker Chambers testified before HUAC: MR. CHAMBERS: The apparatus was organized with a leading group of seven men, each of whom was a leader of the cell. MR. STRIPLING: Could you name the seven individuals ? MR. CHAMBERS: The head of the group as I have said was at first Nathan Witt. Other members of the group were Lee Pressman, Alger Hiss, Donald Hiss, Victor Perlo, Charles Kramer MR. STRIPLING: When Miss Bentley testified before the committee last Saturday, Mr. Chambers, she mentioned the name of Victor Perlo as being the head of an espionage group. You have named Victor Perlo as a member of the apparatus. MR. CHAMBERS: Yes. MR. STRIPLING: At that time do you know whether or not Victor Perlo was employed in the Government? MR. CHAMBERS: I believe at that time Victor Perlo was employed by the Brookings Institution. MR. MUNDT: I think we read his employment record into the record of the hearing while Miss Bentley was testifying, did we not? MR. STRIPLING: Yes, Mr. Chairman. I have his employment history here. It is already in the record. MR. MUNDT: He was employed with the Government several times? MR. STRIPLING: That is true, and was with the Brookings Institution, also.
MR. СТРИПЛИНГ: Когда мисс Бентли давала показания перед комитетом в прошлую субботу, мистер Чемберс, она упомянула имя Виктора Перло как руководителя шпионской группы. Вы назвали Виктора Перло членом этого аппарата.
On August 3, 1948, Whittaker Chambers testified before HUAC: MR. CHAMBERS: The apparatus was organized with a leading group of seven men, each of whom was a leader of the cell. MR. STRIPLING: Could you name the seven individuals ? MR. CHAMBERS: The head of the group as I have said was at first Nathan Witt. Other members of the group were Lee Pressman, Alger Hiss, Donald Hiss, Victor Perlo, Charles Kramer MR. STRIPLING: When Miss Bentley testified before the committee last Saturday, Mr. Chambers, she mentioned the name of Victor Perlo as being the head of an espionage group. You have named Victor Perlo as a member of the apparatus. MR. CHAMBERS: Yes. MR. STRIPLING: At that time do you know whether or not Victor Perlo was employed in the Government? MR. CHAMBERS: I believe at that time Victor Perlo was employed by the Brookings Institution. MR. MUNDT: I think we read his employment record into the record of the hearing while Miss Bentley was testifying, did we not? MR. STRIPLING: Yes, Mr. Chairman. I have his employment history here. It is already in the record. MR. MUNDT: He was employed with the Government several times? MR. STRIPLING: That is true, and was with the Brookings Institution, also.
MR. ЧЕМБЕРС: Да.
On August 3, 1948, Whittaker Chambers testified before HUAC: MR. CHAMBERS: The apparatus was organized with a leading group of seven men, each of whom was a leader of the cell. MR. STRIPLING: Could you name the seven individuals ? MR. CHAMBERS: The head of the group as I have said was at first Nathan Witt. Other members of the group were Lee Pressman, Alger Hiss, Donald Hiss, Victor Perlo, Charles Kramer MR. STRIPLING: When Miss Bentley testified before the committee last Saturday, Mr. Chambers, she mentioned the name of Victor Perlo as being the head of an espionage group. You have named Victor Perlo as a member of the apparatus. MR. CHAMBERS: Yes. MR. STRIPLING: At that time do you know whether or not Victor Perlo was employed in the Government? MR. CHAMBERS: I believe at that time Victor Perlo was employed by the Brookings Institution. MR. MUNDT: I think we read his employment record into the record of the hearing while Miss Bentley was testifying, did we not? MR. STRIPLING: Yes, Mr. Chairman. I have his employment history here. It is already in the record. MR. MUNDT: He was employed with the Government several times? MR. STRIPLING: That is true, and was with the Brookings Institution, also.
MR. СТРИПЛИНГ: В то время вам было известно, работал ли Виктор Перло в правительстве?
On August 3, 1948, Whittaker Chambers testified before HUAC: MR. CHAMBERS: The apparatus was organized with a leading group of seven men, each of whom was a leader of the cell. MR. STRIPLING: Could you name the seven individuals ? MR. CHAMBERS: The head of the group as I have said was at first Nathan Witt. Other members of the group were Lee Pressman, Alger Hiss, Donald Hiss, Victor Perlo, Charles Kramer MR. STRIPLING: When Miss Bentley testified before the committee last Saturday, Mr. Chambers, she mentioned the name of Victor Perlo as being the head of an espionage group. You have named Victor Perlo as a member of the apparatus. MR. CHAMBERS: Yes. MR. STRIPLING: At that time do you know whether or not Victor Perlo was employed in the Government? MR. CHAMBERS: I believe at that time Victor Perlo was employed by the Brookings Institution. MR. MUNDT: I think we read his employment record into the record of the hearing while Miss Bentley was testifying, did we not? MR. STRIPLING: Yes, Mr. Chairman. I have his employment history here. It is already in the record. MR. MUNDT: He was employed with the Government several times? MR. STRIPLING: That is true, and was with the Brookings Institution, also.
MR. ЧЕМБЕРС: Полагаю, в то время Виктор Перло работал в Брукингском институте.
On August 3, 1948, Whittaker Chambers testified before HUAC: MR. CHAMBERS: The apparatus was organized with a leading group of seven men, each of whom was a leader of the cell. MR. STRIPLING: Could you name the seven individuals ? MR. CHAMBERS: The head of the group as I have said was at first Nathan Witt. Other members of the group were Lee Pressman, Alger Hiss, Donald Hiss, Victor Perlo, Charles Kramer MR. STRIPLING: When Miss Bentley testified before the committee last Saturday, Mr. Chambers, she mentioned the name of Victor Perlo as being the head of an espionage group. You have named Victor Perlo as a member of the apparatus. MR. CHAMBERS: Yes. MR. STRIPLING: At that time do you know whether or not Victor Perlo was employed in the Government? MR. CHAMBERS: I believe at that time Victor Perlo was employed by the Brookings Institution. MR. MUNDT: I think we read his employment record into the record of the hearing while Miss Bentley was testifying, did we not? MR. STRIPLING: Yes, Mr. Chairman. I have his employment history here. It is already in the record. MR. MUNDT: He was employed with the Government several times? MR. STRIPLING: That is true, and was with the Brookings Institution, also.
MR. МУНДТ: Кажется, мы внесли его трудовую историю в протокол слушания, когда мисс Бентли давала показания, не так ли?
On August 3, 1948, Whittaker Chambers testified before HUAC: MR. CHAMBERS: The apparatus was organized with a leading group of seven men, each of whom was a leader of the cell. MR. STRIPLING: Could you name the seven individuals ? MR. CHAMBERS: The head of the group as I have said was at first Nathan Witt. Other members of the group were Lee Pressman, Alger Hiss, Donald Hiss, Victor Perlo, Charles Kramer MR. STRIPLING: When Miss Bentley testified before the committee last Saturday, Mr. Chambers, she mentioned the name of Victor Perlo as being the head of an espionage group. You have named Victor Perlo as a member of the apparatus. MR. CHAMBERS: Yes. MR. STRIPLING: At that time do you know whether or not Victor Perlo was employed in the Government? MR. CHAMBERS: I believe at that time Victor Perlo was employed by the Brookings Institution. MR. MUNDT: I think we read his employment record into the record of the hearing while Miss Bentley was testifying, did we not? MR. STRIPLING: Yes, Mr. Chairman. I have his employment history here. It is already in the record. MR. MUNDT: He was employed with the Government several times? MR. STRIPLING: That is true, and was with the Brookings Institution, also.
MR. СТРИПЛИНГ: Да, господин председатель. У меня есть его трудовая история. Она уже зафиксирована в протоколе.
On August 3, 1948, Whittaker Chambers testified before HUAC: MR. CHAMBERS: The apparatus was organized with a leading group of seven men, each of whom was a leader of the cell. MR. STRIPLING: Could you name the seven individuals ? MR. CHAMBERS: The head of the group as I have said was at first Nathan Witt. Other members of the group were Lee Pressman, Alger Hiss, Donald Hiss, Victor Perlo, Charles Kramer MR. STRIPLING: When Miss Bentley testified before the committee last Saturday, Mr. Chambers, she mentioned the name of Victor Perlo as being the head of an espionage group. You have named Victor Perlo as a member of the apparatus. MR. CHAMBERS: Yes. MR. STRIPLING: At that time do you know whether or not Victor Perlo was employed in the Government? MR. CHAMBERS: I believe at that time Victor Perlo was employed by the Brookings Institution. MR. MUNDT: I think we read his employment record into the record of the hearing while Miss Bentley was testifying, did we not? MR. STRIPLING: Yes, Mr. Chairman. I have his employment history here. It is already in the record. MR. MUNDT: He was employed with the Government several times? MR. STRIPLING: That is true, and was with the Brookings Institution, also.
MR. МУНДТ: Он несколько раз работал в правительстве?
On August 3, 1948, Whittaker Chambers testified before HUAC: MR. CHAMBERS: The apparatus was organized with a leading group of seven men, each of whom was a leader of the cell. MR. STRIPLING: Could you name the seven individuals ? MR. CHAMBERS: The head of the group as I have said was at first Nathan Witt. Other members of the group were Lee Pressman, Alger Hiss, Donald Hiss, Victor Perlo, Charles Kramer MR. STRIPLING: When Miss Bentley testified before the committee last Saturday, Mr. Chambers, she mentioned the name of Victor Perlo as being the head of an espionage group. You have named Victor Perlo as a member of the apparatus. MR. CHAMBERS: Yes. MR. STRIPLING: At that time do you know whether or not Victor Perlo was employed in the Government? MR. CHAMBERS: I believe at that time Victor Perlo was employed by the Brookings Institution. MR. MUNDT: I think we read his employment record into the record of the hearing while Miss Bentley was testifying, did we not? MR. STRIPLING: Yes, Mr. Chairman. I have his employment history here. It is already in the record. MR. MUNDT: He was employed with the Government several times? MR. STRIPLING: That is true, and was with the Brookings Institution, also.
MR. СТРИПЛИНГ: Это правда, а также в Брукингском институте.
On August 3, 1948, Whittaker Chambers testified before HUAC: MR. CHAMBERS: The apparatus was organized with a leading group of seven men, each of whom was a leader of the cell. MR. STRIPLING: Could you name the seven individuals ? MR. CHAMBERS: The head of the group as I have said was at first Nathan Witt. Other members of the group were Lee Pressman, Alger Hiss, Donald Hiss, Victor Perlo, Charles Kramer MR. STRIPLING: When Miss Bentley testified before the committee last Saturday, Mr. Chambers, she mentioned the name of Victor Perlo as being the head of an espionage group. You have named Victor Perlo as a member of the apparatus. MR. CHAMBERS: Yes. MR. STRIPLING: At that time do you know whether or not Victor Perlo was employed in the Government? MR. CHAMBERS: I believe at that time Victor Perlo was employed by the Brookings Institution. MR. MUNDT: I think we read his employment record into the record of the hearing while Miss Bentley was testifying, did we not? MR. STRIPLING: Yes, Mr. Chairman. I have his employment history here. It is already in the record. MR. MUNDT: He was employed with the Government several times? MR. STRIPLING: That is true, and was with the Brookings Institution, also.
Счет в Венене
Группа Перло соотносится с информацией проекта "Венона" при изучении стенограммы № 687 от 13 мая 1944 года. Исхак Ахмеров в Нью-Йорке лично подготовил доклад для штаб-квартиры МГБ в Москве, сообщив, что в отношении Элизабет Бентли были предприняты некие действия по указанию Эрла Браудера. Ахмеров затем упомянул зиму, а также Гарри Магдоффа. После этого упоминания последовало заявление о том, что, по мнению Бентли, "они" надежны. Также было отмечено, что никто не проявлял интереса к их возможностям. Было упомянуто имя Головина, после чего было доложено, что Виктор Перло, Чарльз Крамер, Эдвард Фицджеральд и Гарри Магдофф будут приезжать в Нью-Йорк по очереди каждые две недели. Ахмеров сообщил, что Крамер и Фицджеральд знали Натана Грегори Сильвермастера, чье кодовое имя впоследствии было изменено на "Роберт".
The Perlo group fits into the Venona project information when transcript # 687 of 13 May 1944 is examined. Iskhak Akhmerov in New York City personally prepared a report to MGB headquarters in Moscow advising that some unspecified action had been taken regarding Elizabeth Bentley in accordance with instructions of Earl Browder. Akhmerov then made reference to winter and also to Harry Magdoff. This latter reference was then followed by a statement that in Bentley's opinion "they" are reliable. It was also mentioned that no one had interested himself in their possibilities. The name Golovin was mentioned, and it was then reported that Victor Perlo, Charles Kramer, Edward Fitzgerald and Harry Magdoff would take turns coming to New York every two weeks. Akhmerov said Kramer and Fitzgerald knew Nathan Gregory Silvermaster, whose cover name was later changed to "Robert".