Японские местоимения: разнообразие и особенности употребления

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Japanese pronouns are words in the Japanese language used to address or refer to present people or things, where present means people or things that can be pointed at. The position of things (far away, nearby) and their role in the current interaction (goods, addresser, addressee, bystander) are features of the meaning of those words. The use of pronouns, especially when referring to oneself and speaking in the first person, vary between gender, formality, dialect and region where Japanese is spoken. In modern Japanese grammar, pronouns are not a distinct part of speech, but a subclass of nouns, and they behave grammatically just like nouns. Certain faux archaic pronouns may still retain their grammaticality (distinct from nouns) from Old Japanese, such as 我 (ware), with the genitive form 我が (wa ga).

RomajiHiraganaKanjiMeaningLevel of speechGenderNotesasshiあっし私ImalesSlang version of watashi. From the Edo period. sesshaせっしゃ拙者ImalesUsed by samurai during the feudal ages (and often also by ninja in fictionalised portrayals). From a Sino Japanese word meaning "one who is clumsy". wagahaiわがはい我が輩, 吾輩ImalesLiterally "my fellows; my class; my cohort", but used in a somewhat pompous manner as a first person singular pronoun. soregashiそれがし某ImalesLiterally "So and so", a nameless expression. Similar to sessha. warawaわらわ妾IfemalesLiterally "child". Mainly used by women in samurai families. Today, it is used in fictional settings to represent archaic noble female characters. wachikiわちきIfemalesUsed by geisha and oiran in Edo period. Also あちき achiki and わっち wacchi. yoよ余, 予ImalesArchaic first person singular pronoun. chinちん朕WebothUsed only by the Emperor, mostly before World War II. maroまろ麻呂, 麿ImalesUsed as a universal first person pronoun in ancient times. Today, it is used in fictional settings to represent Court noble male characters. onoreおのれ己I or youmalesThe word onore, as well as the kanji used to transcribe it, literally means "oneself". It is humble when used as a first person pronoun and hostile (on the level of てめえ temee or てまえ temae) when used as a second person pronoun. keiけい卿 youmalesSecond person pronoun, used mostly by males. Used among peers to denote light respect, and by a superior addressing his subjects and retainers in a familiar manner. Like 君 kimi, this can also be used as an honorific (pronounced as きょう kyou), in which case it's equivalent to "lord/lady" or "sir/dame". nanjiなんじ汝, less commonly also 爾you, often translated as "thou"bothSpelled as なむち namuchi in the most ancient texts and later as なんち nanchi or なんぢ nanji. onushiおぬし御主, お主youbothUsed by elders and samurai to talk to people of equal or lower rank. Literally means "master". sonataそなた其方 (rarely used)youbothOriginally a mesial deictic pronoun meaning "that side; that way; that direction"; used as a lightly respectful second person pronoun in previous eras, but now used when speaking to an inferior in a pompous and old fashioned tone. sochiそち其方 (rarely used)youbothSimilar to そなた sonata. Literally means "that way". (Sochira and kochira, sometimes shortened to sotchi and kotchi, are still sometimes used to mean roughly "you" and "I, we", e. g. kochira koso in response to thanks or an apology means literally "this side is the one" but idiomatically "no, I (or we) thank/apologise to you"; especially common on the telephone, analogous to phrases like "on this end" and "on your end" in English. Kochira koso is often translated as "me/us, too" or "likewise" – it is certainly a reciprocation gesture, but sometimes a little more.)

Japanese has only one word corresponding to reflexive pronouns such as myself, yourself, or themselves in English. The word 自分 means "one's self" and may be used for human beings or some animals. It is not used for cold blooded animals or inanimate objects.