Кредитные бюро и оценка кредитоспособности заемщиков

Consumer borrowing and bill paying habit tracking agency

A credit bureau is a data collection agency that gathers account information from various creditors and provides that information to a consumer reporting agency in the United States, a credit reference agency in the United Kingdom, a credit reporting body in Australia, a credit information company (CIC) in India, a Special Accessing Entity in the Philippines, and also to private lenders. It is not the same as a credit rating agency.

A consumer reporting agency is an organization providing information on individuals' borrowing and bill paying habits. Such credit information institutions reduce the effect of asymmetric information between borrowers and lenders, and alleviate problems of adverse selection and moral hazard. For example, adequate credit information could facilitate lenders in screening and monitoring borrowers as well as avoiding giving loans to high risk individuals. Lenders use this to evaluate credit worthiness, the ability to pay back a loan, and can affect the interest rate and other terms of a loan. Interest rates are not the same for everyone, but instead can be based on risk based pricing, a form of price discrimination based on the different expected risks of different borrowers, as set out in their credit rating. Consumers with poor credit repayment histories or court adjudicated debt obligations like tax liens or bankruptcies will pay a higher annual interest rate than consumers who don't have these factors. Additionally, decision makers in areas unrelated to consumer credit, including employment screening and underwriting of property and casualty insurance, increasingly depend on credit records, as studies have shown that such records have predictive value. At the same time, consumers also benefit from a good credit information system because it reduces the effect of credit monopoly from banks and provides incentives for borrowers to repay their loans on time. In the U. S., consumer reporting agencies collect and aggregate personal information, financial data, and alternative data on individuals from a variety of sources called data furnishers with which the reporting agencies have a relationship. Data furnishers are typically creditors, lenders, utilities, debt collection agencies (credit bureaus) and the courts (i. e. public records) that a consumer has had a relationship or experience with. Data furnishers report their payment experience with the consumer to the credit reporting agencies. The data provided by the furnishers as well as collected by the bureaus is then aggregated into the consumer reporting agency's data repository or files. The resulting information is made available on request to customers of the consumer reporting agencies' for the purposes of credit risk assessment, credit scoring or for other purposes such as employment consideration or leasing an apartment. Given the large number of consumer borrowers, these credit scores tend to be mechanistic. To simplify the analytical process for their customers, the different consumer reporting agencies can apply a mathematical algorithm to provide a score the customer can use to more rapidly assess the likelihood that an individual will repay a particular debt given the frequency that other individuals in similar situations have defaulted. Most consumer welfare advocates advise individuals to review their credit reports at least once a year to ensure they are accurate. In addition to providing credit information, these services have become authoritative sources of identity information against which people can be verified using an identity verification service and knowledge based authentication.

Credit Information Bureau (India) Limited (CIBIL), India's first Credit Information Bureau was established by the Reserve Bank of India to improve the functionality and stability of the Indian financial system by containing non performing assets (NPAs) while improving credit grantors' portfolio quality. CIBIL is now promoted by TransUnion International Inc. (TransUnion) to provide comprehensive credit information by collecting, collating and disseminating credit information, pertaining to both commercial and consumer borrowers, to a closed user group of members. RBI approved three other credit bureaus in 2010 – CRIF High Mark (earlier High Mark), Equifax and Experian. The consumer credit scores in India range from 300 to 900. High Mark launched India's first micro finance bureau in early 2011 and today operates the world's largest micro finance bureau besides offering traditional bureau services for the Retail lending industry. CRIF High Mark is India’s first full service credit bureau serving all borrower segments – Retail, Agri & Rural, MSME, commercial and Microfinance.

The Electronic Credit Information Bureau (CIB) was established by the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) in December, 1992. Under section 25(A) of the Banking Companies Ordinance (BCO), 1962, the SBP mandates that all financial institutions in Pakistan including banks, developmental financial institutions (DFIs) and micro finance banks (MFBs) are required to use the eCIB software for monitoring credit reports. SBP controls updates to the database, updates the reports and monitors the software. All member financial institutions are required to submit entire borrowers' records online to eCIB every month within two weeks after the end of the month. Aquitas Information Services (AISL) under the brand name TASDEEQ is the first licensed private Credit Bureau in Pakistan.

In the United Kingdom, the Credit Reference Agencies are Experian, Equifax and TransUnion. Most banks and other credit granting organisations subscribe to one or more of these organisations to ensure the quality of their lending. This includes companies who sell goods or services on credit such as credit card issuers, utility companies and store card issuers. Subscribing organisations are expected to provide relevant data to maintain the common data pool. Credit reference agencies are bound by the Data Protection Act 2018, which requires that data relating to identifiable individuals must be accurate, relevant, held for a proper purpose and not out of date, and gives individuals the legal right to access data held on them. Credit agencies are therefore required under law to provide an individual with a copy of their consumer credit report upon request. Most agencies also provide online services for ongoing access to reports.

The activities of Credit Reference Agencies are governed by the Consumer Credit Act 1974.

In Canada, there are two credit bureaus (also known as credit reporting agencies): Equifax Canada and TransUnion Canada. They are private companies that collect information about a consumer’s credit accounts, payment history, and other information such as debts sold to a collection agency, and bankruptcies. Credit bureaus in Canada gather this information from lenders and creditors who report it to them. However, it’s important to note that not all lenders and creditors report to the credit bureaus, some may only report information to one, while others may report to none. Other sources like collection agencies and public records information are also reported to the credit bureaus. These credit reporting agencies are regulated by the governments on a provincial and territorial level. Most provinces in Canada have their own credit reporting legislation in place that dictates how credit reporting agencies may share consumer information. There's also a federal legislation called the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) that must be abided by the credit reporting agencies. Credit bureaus share consumer information in the form of a credit report to third parties with whom a consumer has given permission to. This includes banks, credit unions, lenders, credit card companies, and even landlords. These third parties use their credit report to help them make decisions about the consumer, such as whether to approve for a loan or credit card.

Following the Panic of 1837, the first commercial credit reporting organizations formed. By the 1850s, coded reference books were available to wholesalers, merchants, banks, and insurance companies that subscribed. According to the U. S. General Accounting Office (GAO), common causes of errors broadly fall into one of two categories: inclusion of incorrect information and exclusion of correct information. Reasons for the inaccuracies include consumers providing inaccurate information to the consumer reporting agencies; incorrect or incomplete data input by furnishers, or failing to provide data to the consumer reporting agency; and incorrect or incomplete data (or data applied to the wrong consumer) by the consumer reporting agency. Some consumer reporting agencies in the United States provide two credit scores an 'educational' score to the consumer and a customary FICO like score to the lender or business. Liz Weston writes that some consumer advocates refer to these other [educational] credit scores as "FAKO scores" (a play on acronym of FICO). In consideration of the fact that algorithms which rate people are used in a discriminatory fashion to deny people legal rights (employment, insurance, credit, etc. ), those very algorithms act as law. The law says that if one does "this" or if one "does" that, then they will be afforded different treatment and opportunities. What needs to be done though remains a secret. Therefore, people are called on to abide by a secret law. At least two things need to be examined: First is that the operation of a more general "chilling effect" that imposing a non disclosed law may have and; Secondly the social effects of discrimination, which take an entirely new light in the context of no longer discriminating against race creed color age or religion, but on the basis of a number, a number which has been assigned to all members of society reflecting information about that person which is unknown. Accordingly, there can be no definition at present of what information credit repositories collect or even what the use of that information is or what it reflects. These questions can only be answered if the algorithms were publicized and expert statisticians were permitted to examine them and improve on the intent of the model, which intent is also undisclosed. According to David Szwak, a partner in Bodenheimer, Jones & Szwak which specializes in insurance law and litigation against consumer reporting agencies, some consumer reporting agencies in the United States maintain a VIP database of special consumers such as members of Congress, judges, actors and celebrities. The VIP database is specially administered by the bureau, which ensures the credit report of the consumer is accurate and not negatively handled. The database exists because individuals in the VIP database could cause significant problems for the bureaus, including negative publicity and legislative action which could adversely affect the industry. So far an economic model to describe this industry has not been attempted, while the fundamentals are counter intuitive to any market known, since other industries (finance, banking, insurance) sponsor consumer reporting agencies to process information while consumers pay CRAs to receive that information. The utility of the consumer is hard to calculate since the consumer is given no recourse to correct mistakes processed about them, hence the dynamics of this triangle involving consumers, credit reporters, and sponsoring industries remain undefined.

Commercial credit reporting and scoring bureaus also exist and can be used to evaluate the likelihood of a business paying creditors. Examples of commercial credit reports are the Paydex score from Dun & Bradstreet, the Risk Rating from Creditsafe, the Experian Intelliscore, the CPR Score from Cortera, the GCS score from Global Credit Services, SkyMinder service from CRIF and the CIC Score and NACM National Trade Credit Report from the National Association of Credit Management. TransUnion, Equifax, and Rapid Ratings International are also examples of commercial credit reporting agencies.

+CountryMajor CRAsRam. adBureau Central Privada de Informação de CréditoNosis Credit Bureau, Veraz EquifaxArmenian Credit Reporting Agency (ACRA)CreditorWatch, Compuscan, illion, Experian, Tasmanian Collection Service, Equifax, Azerbaijan Credit Bureau (ACB) BENEFITCreditinfoCredit Information Bureau of BhutanCompuscan, TransUnionQuod, SPC Brasil, Boa Vista Serviços, Serasa ExperianEquifax Canada, TransUnion CanadaCreditinfoDicom Equifax, TransUnion, Siisa, SinacofiExperian, TransUnionTransUnionCRIFExperianData Crédito, TransUnionEquifax, AcreditaI ScoreCompuscanTransUnionCreditinfoCreditreform, Bürgel, SCHUFA, BoniversumTransUnionCreditinfoTransUnionTransUnionCreditinfoTransUnion CIBIL, CRIF High Mark, Experian & EquifaxCRIFCreditinfo https://www. irancreditscoring. com/ iran credit scoringCRIFCreditinfo, Finedatta Africa LtdCredit Information Services Ltd, Creditinfo, CRIFTeikoku Databank, Tokyo Shoko Research, Risk Monster, Creditsafe K. K. CRIF CreditinfoCreditinfo, Metropol, [TransUnion]CreditinfoCreditinfoCompuscanExperian, Credit Bureau Malaysia, CTOS Data SystemsCreditinfoCreditinfoEquifax, TransUnionCreditinfoCompuscanCompuscanEquifax, illion, CentrixExperianTransUnionCreditinfo, Finedatta Africa LtdCreditRegistry, FirstCentral Credit Bureau, CRC Credit BureauExperianMala'aAPC BuroeCIBEquifax, Xchange PeruPHICIBI Information, Inc., Compuscan, TransUnion Information Solutions. Inc. Polish Credit Bureau "BIK"CreditinfoCRIFFinedatta Africa LtdSIMAH, Bayan Credit BureauCreditinfo, Finedatta Africa LtdExperian, Credit Bureau (Singapore)CRIFCompuscan, Experian, TransUnion, LexisNexisNational Information & Credit Evaluation(NICE), Korea Credit Bureau(KCB)RAI (companies only); ASNEF Equifax and BADEXCUG Experian (consumers)Zentralstelle für Kreditinformation, CrifJoint Credit Information Center(JCIC)CRIFCreditinfo, Dun & BradstreetCreditinfo, Finedatta Africa LtdKKBCompuscan, Finedatta Africa LtdCreditinfoAl Etihad Credit BureauExperian, Equifax, TransUnion, Creditsafe Group (business only), AireExperian, FICO, Equifax, TransUnion, Innovis, PRBC, Aire