Истребители завоевания превосходства в воздухе: классификация и развитие

Fighter aircraft classification tasked with combating other aircraft to gain control of the air

An air superiority fighter (also styled air superiority fighter) is a fighter aircraft designed to seize control of enemy airspace by establishing tactical dominance (air superiority) over the opposing air force. Air superiority fighters are primarily tasked to perform aerial combat against agile, lightly armed aircraft (most often enemy fighters) and eliminate any challenge over control of the airspace, although some (e. g. strike fighters) may have a secondary role for air to surface attacks.

During World War II and through the Korean War, fighters were classified by their role: heavy fighter, interceptor, escort fighter, night fighter, and so forth. With the development of guided missiles in the 1950s, design diverged between fighters optimized to fight in the beyond visual range (BVR) regime (interceptors), and fighters optimized to fight in the within visual range (WVR) regime (air superiority fighters). In the United States, the influential proponents of BVR developed fighters with no forward firing gun, such as the original F 4 Phantom II, as it was thought that they would never need to resort to WVR combat. These aircraft would sacrifice high maneuverability, and instead focus on other performance characteristics, as they presumably would never engage in a dogfight with enemy fighters.

After lessons learned from combat experiences involving modern military air capacity, the U. S. Navy's VFAX/VFX and U. S. Air Force's F X (Fighter Experimental) reassessed their tactical direction which resulted in the U. S. Navy's F 14 Tomcat and US Air Force's F 15 Eagle. The two designs were built to achieve air superiority and significant consideration was given during the development of both aircraft to allow them to excel at the shorter ranges of fighter combat. Both aircraft also serve as interceptors due to their high maximum speed and advanced radars. By contrast, the Soviets (and the succeeding Russian Federation) developed and continue to operate separate types of aircraft, the interceptor MiG 31 and the short range MiG 29 for air superiority, although the long range Su 27 can combine the roles of air superiority and interceptor.

For the US Navy, the F 14 Tomcat was initially deployed solely as an air superiority fighter, as well as fleet defense interceptor and tactical aerial reconnaissance. By contrast, the multirole F/A 18 Hornet was designed as strike fighter while having only enough of an edge to defend itself against enemy fighters if needed. While the F 14 had an undeveloped secondary ground attack capability (with a Stores Management System (SMS) that included air to ground options as well as rudimentary software in the AWG 9), the Navy did not want to risk it in the air to ground role at the time, due to its lack of proper defensive electronic countermeasures (DECM) and radar homing and warning (RHAW) for overland operations, as well as the fighter's high cost. In the 1990s, the US Navy added LANTIRN pods to its F 14s and deployed them on precision ground attack missions. The F 15 Eagle was envisioned originally as an air superiority fighter and interceptor under the mantra "not a pound for air to ground". However, the F 15C can carry "dumb" and GPS guided bombs, such capabilities which were first used by the Israeli Air Force. In fact, the basic airframe proved versatile enough to produce a very capable strike fighter, the F 15E Strike Eagle. While designed for ground attack, it retains the air to air lethality of the original F 15. Similarly, the F 16 Fighting Falcon was also originally designed as fighter but has since evolved into a successful all weather multirole aircraft. Since the 1990s, with air superiority fighters such as the F 14 and F 15 pressed into the strike role and/or having a strike derivative, the lines between air superiority fighters and multirole fighters has blurred somewhat. The F 22 Raptor, designed primarily as an air superiority fighter, would receive precision strike capabilities through mission system upgrades. Similarly the MiG 29 and Su 27, despite originally designed for air superiority, have been commonly outfitted to use a range of air to surface armaments which would make them multirole fighters, indeed the Su 34 strike fighter has been derived from the Su 27. With the retirement of the F 14 Tomcat, the US Navy has pressed its F/A 18 Hornet and its upsized derivative, the F/A 18E/F Super Hornet, into a fleet defence fighter, despite the Hornets being originally designed as multirole strike fighters. Due to the high costs of aircraft development, the next generation of USAF air superiority platforms will be multirole with strike capabilities designed from the outset.

CountryManufacturerAircraftIntroducedUnited StatesMcDonnell DouglasF 15 Eagle1976JapanMitsubishi Heavy IndustriesF 15J1981Soviet Union/RussiaSukhoiSu 271985Soviet Union/RussiaSukhoiSu 301996Soviet Union/RussiaSukhoiSu 331998ChinaShenyang AerospaceJ 111998France Dassault AviationDassault Rafale 2001IndiaHindustan Aeronautics LimitedSu 30 MKI2002Germany/Italy/Spain/U. K. EurofighterTyphoon2003United StatesLockheed MartinF 22 Raptor2005ChinaChengdu AerospaceJ 202017MalaysiaSukhoiSu 30 MKM2007