Введение
Межсубъективная верифицируемость – это способность концепции быть легко и точно понятой и переданной между разными людьми ("межсубъективно"), а также воспроизводимой в различных условиях для целей подтверждения. Это основополагающий принцип эмпирического научного исследования. Хотя существуют сферы убеждений, которые не всегда опираются на межсубъективную верифицируемость (например, многие религиозные догмы), межсубъективная верифицируемость является почти универсальным способом разрешения споров об истинности, используемым людьми во всем мире. В своей простейшей форме она проявляется в повседневных выражениях, например, "Я из Миссури, убеди меня!" или "Увидеть – значит поверить". Научный принцип воспроизведения результатов другими исследователями, нежели теми, кто впервые сообщил о явлении, является лишь более формализованной разновидностью универсального принципа межсубъективной верифицируемости.
Субъективный опыт
Каждый человек – субъект и должен субъективно переживать физический мир. Каждый субъект обладает собственной перспективой и точкой зрения на различные аспекты мира. Однако, разделяя сопоставимый опыт, люди могут прийти к всё более схожему пониманию мира. Таким образом, множество различных субъективных переживаний могут объединяться, формируя межсубъективные, которые менее подвержены индивидуальным предубеждениям или пробелам в знаниях. Хотя конкретные внутренние переживания не поддаются межсубъективной проверке, существование общих тем во внутреннем опыте может быть межсубъективно подтверждено. Например, говорит ли человек то, что он считает правдой, известно лишь ему самому. Однако мы можем межсубъективно установить, что люди практически всегда испытывают дискомфорт (голод), когда недостаточно поели. В целом, мы обладаем лишь ограниченной способностью сравнивать (измерять) внутренние переживания.
Совпадение и несовпадение
Когда внешнее, общедоступное явление переживается и тщательно описывается (словами или измерениями) одним человеком, другие люди могут проверить, соответствуют ли их собственные переживания этого явления данному описанию. Если соответствуют, возникает ощущение согласованности между субъектами. Это лежит в основе определения истины, с которой согласны все участвующие стороны. Если же описание не соответствует опыту одного или нескольких участников, возникает несогласованность. Несоответствия между опытом и описаниями разных людей могут быть вызваны различными факторами. Один из распространенных источников несогласованности – непоследовательное использование языка в описаниях, когда одни и те же слова употребляются в разных значениях. Такие семантические проблемы требуют более аккуратной разработки и применения языка. Несогласованность также возникает из-за недостаточной точности описания явления. В таких случаях необходимо дальнейшее развитие описания, модели или теории, используемых для его представления. Третий вид несогласованности возникает, когда описания не соответствуют общепринятому (то есть межсубъективно проверяемому) опыту, например, когда описания ошибочны, неверны, неточные и требуют замены на более достоверные описания, модели или теории.
Вера против веры
Противоречие между истинами, полученными в результате межсубъективной проверки, и убеждениями, основанными на вере или обращении к авторитету (например, многие религиозные убеждения), составляет основу конфликта между религией и наукой. Предпринимались попытки привести их в соответствие, и современная, передовая наука, особенно в физике, кажется многим наблюдателям подходящей для сочетания религиозного опыта и межсубъективной проверки убеждений. Некоторые ученые описывают религиозные мировоззрения, как правило, мистического характера, согласующиеся с их пониманием науки:
There are two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle
Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind
The religion of the future will be a cosmic religion. The religion which is based on experience, which refuses dogmatism
There remains something subtle, intangible and inexplicable. Veneration for this force beyond anything that we can comprehend is my religion. (Albert Einstein)
Other scientists, who are committed to basing belief on intersubjective verification, have called for or predicted the development of a religion consistent with science. A religion old or new, that stressed the magnificence of the universe as revealed by modern science, might be able to draw forth reserves of reverence and awe hardly tapped by the conventional faiths. Sooner or later, such a religion will emerge. (Carl Sagan, Pale Blue Dot)
The evolutionary epic is probably the best myth we will ever have
The true evolutionary epic, retold as poetry, is as intrinsically ennobling as any religious epic. (Edward O. Wilson)
Responding to this apparent overlap between cutting edge science and mystical experience, in recent years, there have been overt efforts to formulate religious belief systems that are built on truth claims based upon intersubjective verifiability, e. g. Anthroposophy, Yoism.
Есть два способа прожить свою жизнь. Один – так, будто ничего не является чудом. Другой – так, будто всё является чудом.
There are two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle
Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind
The religion of the future will be a cosmic religion. The religion which is based on experience, which refuses dogmatism
There remains something subtle, intangible and inexplicable. Veneration for this force beyond anything that we can comprehend is my religion. (Albert Einstein)
Other scientists, who are committed to basing belief on intersubjective verification, have called for or predicted the development of a religion consistent with science. A religion old or new, that stressed the magnificence of the universe as revealed by modern science, might be able to draw forth reserves of reverence and awe hardly tapped by the conventional faiths. Sooner or later, such a religion will emerge. (Carl Sagan, Pale Blue Dot)
The evolutionary epic is probably the best myth we will ever have
The true evolutionary epic, retold as poetry, is as intrinsically ennobling as any religious epic. (Edward O. Wilson)
Responding to this apparent overlap between cutting edge science and mystical experience, in recent years, there have been overt efforts to formulate religious belief systems that are built on truth claims based upon intersubjective verifiability, e. g. Anthroposophy, Yoism.
Наука без религии хромает, религия без науки слепа.
There are two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle
Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind
The religion of the future will be a cosmic religion. The religion which is based on experience, which refuses dogmatism
There remains something subtle, intangible and inexplicable. Veneration for this force beyond anything that we can comprehend is my religion. (Albert Einstein)
Other scientists, who are committed to basing belief on intersubjective verification, have called for or predicted the development of a religion consistent with science. A religion old or new, that stressed the magnificence of the universe as revealed by modern science, might be able to draw forth reserves of reverence and awe hardly tapped by the conventional faiths. Sooner or later, such a religion will emerge. (Carl Sagan, Pale Blue Dot)
The evolutionary epic is probably the best myth we will ever have
The true evolutionary epic, retold as poetry, is as intrinsically ennobling as any religious epic. (Edward O. Wilson)
Responding to this apparent overlap between cutting edge science and mystical experience, in recent years, there have been overt efforts to formulate religious belief systems that are built on truth claims based upon intersubjective verifiability, e. g. Anthroposophy, Yoism.
Религия будущего будет космической религией. Религия, основанная на опыте, отвергающая догматизм.
There are two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle
Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind
The religion of the future will be a cosmic religion. The religion which is based on experience, which refuses dogmatism
There remains something subtle, intangible and inexplicable. Veneration for this force beyond anything that we can comprehend is my religion. (Albert Einstein)
Other scientists, who are committed to basing belief on intersubjective verification, have called for or predicted the development of a religion consistent with science. A religion old or new, that stressed the magnificence of the universe as revealed by modern science, might be able to draw forth reserves of reverence and awe hardly tapped by the conventional faiths. Sooner or later, such a religion will emerge. (Carl Sagan, Pale Blue Dot)
The evolutionary epic is probably the best myth we will ever have
The true evolutionary epic, retold as poetry, is as intrinsically ennobling as any religious epic. (Edward O. Wilson)
Responding to this apparent overlap between cutting edge science and mystical experience, in recent years, there have been overt efforts to formulate religious belief systems that are built on truth claims based upon intersubjective verifiability, e. g. Anthroposophy, Yoism.
Остается нечто тонкое, неуловимое и необъяснимое. Почитание этой силы, превосходящей всё, что мы можем постичь, – моя религия. (Альберт Эйнштейн)
There are two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle
Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind
The religion of the future will be a cosmic religion. The religion which is based on experience, which refuses dogmatism
There remains something subtle, intangible and inexplicable. Veneration for this force beyond anything that we can comprehend is my religion. (Albert Einstein)
Other scientists, who are committed to basing belief on intersubjective verification, have called for or predicted the development of a religion consistent with science. A religion old or new, that stressed the magnificence of the universe as revealed by modern science, might be able to draw forth reserves of reverence and awe hardly tapped by the conventional faiths. Sooner or later, such a religion will emerge. (Carl Sagan, Pale Blue Dot)
The evolutionary epic is probably the best myth we will ever have
The true evolutionary epic, retold as poetry, is as intrinsically ennobling as any religious epic. (Edward O. Wilson)
Responding to this apparent overlap between cutting edge science and mystical experience, in recent years, there have been overt efforts to formulate religious belief systems that are built on truth claims based upon intersubjective verifiability, e. g. Anthroposophy, Yoism.
Другие ученые, приверженные основанию веры на межсубъективной проверке, призывали к или предсказывали развитие религии, совместимой с наукой. Религия, старая или новая, которая подчеркивала бы величие Вселенной, открытое современной наукой, могла бы пробудить резервы благоговения и трепета, которые едва затронуты традиционными верами. Рано или поздно такая религия возникнет. (Карл Саган, "Бледно-голубая точка")
There are two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle
Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind
The religion of the future will be a cosmic religion. The religion which is based on experience, which refuses dogmatism
There remains something subtle, intangible and inexplicable. Veneration for this force beyond anything that we can comprehend is my religion. (Albert Einstein)
Other scientists, who are committed to basing belief on intersubjective verification, have called for or predicted the development of a religion consistent with science. A religion old or new, that stressed the magnificence of the universe as revealed by modern science, might be able to draw forth reserves of reverence and awe hardly tapped by the conventional faiths. Sooner or later, such a religion will emerge. (Carl Sagan, Pale Blue Dot)
The evolutionary epic is probably the best myth we will ever have
The true evolutionary epic, retold as poetry, is as intrinsically ennobling as any religious epic. (Edward O. Wilson)
Responding to this apparent overlap between cutting edge science and mystical experience, in recent years, there have been overt efforts to formulate religious belief systems that are built on truth claims based upon intersubjective verifiability, e. g. Anthroposophy, Yoism.
Эволюционный эпос, вероятно, лучший миф, который у нас когда-либо будет.
There are two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle
Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind
The religion of the future will be a cosmic religion. The religion which is based on experience, which refuses dogmatism
There remains something subtle, intangible and inexplicable. Veneration for this force beyond anything that we can comprehend is my religion. (Albert Einstein)
Other scientists, who are committed to basing belief on intersubjective verification, have called for or predicted the development of a religion consistent with science. A religion old or new, that stressed the magnificence of the universe as revealed by modern science, might be able to draw forth reserves of reverence and awe hardly tapped by the conventional faiths. Sooner or later, such a religion will emerge. (Carl Sagan, Pale Blue Dot)
The evolutionary epic is probably the best myth we will ever have
The true evolutionary epic, retold as poetry, is as intrinsically ennobling as any religious epic. (Edward O. Wilson)
Responding to this apparent overlap between cutting edge science and mystical experience, in recent years, there have been overt efforts to formulate religious belief systems that are built on truth claims based upon intersubjective verifiability, e. g. Anthroposophy, Yoism.
Истинный эволюционный эпос, пересказанный в форме поэзии, столь же по своей сути возвышает, как и любой религиозный эпос. (Эдвард О. Уилсон)
There are two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle
Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind
The religion of the future will be a cosmic religion. The religion which is based on experience, which refuses dogmatism
There remains something subtle, intangible and inexplicable. Veneration for this force beyond anything that we can comprehend is my religion. (Albert Einstein)
Other scientists, who are committed to basing belief on intersubjective verification, have called for or predicted the development of a religion consistent with science. A religion old or new, that stressed the magnificence of the universe as revealed by modern science, might be able to draw forth reserves of reverence and awe hardly tapped by the conventional faiths. Sooner or later, such a religion will emerge. (Carl Sagan, Pale Blue Dot)
The evolutionary epic is probably the best myth we will ever have
The true evolutionary epic, retold as poetry, is as intrinsically ennobling as any religious epic. (Edward O. Wilson)
Responding to this apparent overlap between cutting edge science and mystical experience, in recent years, there have been overt efforts to formulate religious belief systems that are built on truth claims based upon intersubjective verifiability, e. g. Anthroposophy, Yoism.
В ответ на это очевидное совпадение между передовой наукой и мистическим опытом в последние годы предпринимаются явные усилия по формулированию религиозных систем верований, основанных на утверждениях об истине, подтвержденных межсубъективной верификацией, например, антропософия, йоизм.
There are two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle
Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind
The religion of the future will be a cosmic religion. The religion which is based on experience, which refuses dogmatism
There remains something subtle, intangible and inexplicable. Veneration for this force beyond anything that we can comprehend is my religion. (Albert Einstein)
Other scientists, who are committed to basing belief on intersubjective verification, have called for or predicted the development of a religion consistent with science. A religion old or new, that stressed the magnificence of the universe as revealed by modern science, might be able to draw forth reserves of reverence and awe hardly tapped by the conventional faiths. Sooner or later, such a religion will emerge. (Carl Sagan, Pale Blue Dot)
The evolutionary epic is probably the best myth we will ever have
The true evolutionary epic, retold as poetry, is as intrinsically ennobling as any religious epic. (Edward O. Wilson)
Responding to this apparent overlap between cutting edge science and mystical experience, in recent years, there have been overt efforts to formulate religious belief systems that are built on truth claims based upon intersubjective verifiability, e. g. Anthroposophy, Yoism.
Примечания и ссылки
Брак разума и души: объединение науки и религии. Кен Уилбер. 1998. Издательство "Рэндом Хаус".