Китайские колбасы: разнообразие вкусов и традиций

Various types of sausage from China

Chinese sausage is a generic term referring to the many different types of sausages originating in China. The southern flavor of Chinese sausage is commonly known by its Cantonese name (or ) .

There is a choice of fatty or lean sausages. There are different kinds ranging from those made using fresh pork to those made using pig livers, duck livers and even turkey livers. Usually a sausage made with liver will be darker in color than one made without liver. Recently, there have even been countries producing chicken Chinese sausages. Traditionally they are classified into two main types. It is sometimes rolled and steamed in dim sum. Lap cheong (Cantonese, or ) is a dried, hard sausage usually made from pork and pork fat. It is normally smoked, sweetened, and seasoned with rose water, rice wine and soy sauce. Yun chang is made using duck liver. Xiang chang is a fresh and plump sausage consisting of coarsely chopped pieces of pork and un rendered pork fat. The sausage is rather sweet in taste. Nuomi chang is a white colored sausage consisting of glutinous rice and flavoring stuffed into a casing and then steamed or boiled until cooked. The nuomi chang of some Chinese cultures have blood as a binding agent similar to Korean sundae. Xue chang are Chinese sausages that have blood as the primary ingredient. Bairouxue chang is a type of sausage popular in northeast China that includes chopped meat in the blood mixture. Guan chang is a long, red sausage made of fresh meat.

Chinese sausage is used as an ingredient in quite a number of dishes in the southern Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Sichuan, and Hunan, and also Hong Kong, Taiwan. Sichuan sausage also contains red chili powder, Sichuan pepper powder, and Pixian bean sauce, to characterise the sausage with a special flavour. Two common examples of such dishes include fried rice and lo mai gai (糯米雞). The traditional unpackaged forms are usually found in street markets or wet markets.

In northeast China, especially Heilongjiang's largest city Harbin, Hongchang , a popular regional specialty, is smoked savory red sausage similar to Polish "country" kielbasa and Lithuanian skilandis, with a coarsely ground texture and more "European" flavours than other Chinese sausages. It was first manufactured in March 1909 by Lithuanian staff in a Russian capitalized factory named Churin Sausage Factory, located in Harbin's Daoli District. An alternative name is Lidaosi , from Russian колбаса «литовская» kolbasa «litovskaâ», "Lithuanian sausage". Harbin style sausage subsequently became popular in China, especially in northern regions. A sweeter dried version similar to southern Chinese sausages is also produced. In Chinese, Hongchang may also refer to other red colored sausages in China. This includes the Shanghai Big Hongchang, an adaptation of Falukorv. The aforementioned "Lidaosi" is used to unambiguously refer to the Harbin original in the language.

In Vietnamese, Chinese sausage is called lạp xưởng or lạp xường. It has been incorporated into a variety of dishes from simple omelets to more complex main courses. Due to the salty taste of the sausages, they are used in moderation with other ingredients to balance the flavor. The sausages are made from pork (lạp xưởng heo) or chicken (lạp xưởng gà), the latter of which yields a leaner taste. Tung lò mò (Cham: ꨓꨭꩂ ꨤꨟꨯꨱꨥ tung lamaow) is a similar sausage made from beef by the Chams (who are Muslim) in southern Vietnam.

In Burmese, the sausage is called either kyet u gyaung (chicken sausage; ) or wet u gyaung (pork sausage; ). The sausages made in Myanmar are more meaty and compact compared to those in Singapore or China. They are usually used in fried rice and along with fried vegetables, mostly cabbage.

In the Philippines, Chinese sausage is an ingredient in some Chinese Filipino dishes like siopao bola bola. It is sometimes confused with and used in place of the native sausage Chorizo de Macao (which is also sometimes known as "Chinese chorizo"). The latter is not derived from the Chinese sausage, but derives its name from the use of star anise, which is associated with Chinese cuisine in the Philippines.

Taiwan also produces a similar form of sausage; however, they are rarely dried in the manner of Cantonese sausages. The fat and meat may be emulsified, and a larger amount of sugar may be used, yielding a sweeter taste. These sausages are usually produced by local butchers and sold at markets or made at home. This variant of Chinese sausage is known as xiangchang in Mandarin Chinese, literally meaning fragrant sausage.

Singapore produces innovative Chinese sausages that could be considered healthier than the traditional variety. Examples include low fat, low sodium, and high fibre Chinese sausages.

In Thai, Chinese sausage is called kun chiang (กุนเชียง) after its name in the Teochew dialect (贯肠, kwan chiang in Teochew), the dominant Chinese language within the Thai Chinese community. It is used in several Chinese dishes by the sizeable Thai Chinese community, and also in some Thai dishes such as yam kun chiang, a Thai salad made with this sausage. There is also Chinese sausage made with snakehead fish (pla chon; ปลาช่อน).

Chinese sausages are generally available in Asian supermarkets outside Asia, mostly in a vacuum packaged form, although some Chinese groceries sell the unpackaged varieties as well. These tend to be made domestically due to prohibitions on import of meat products from overseas. For example, many of the Chinese sausages sold in Canada are produced by a number of manufacturers based in Vancouver and Toronto. Lap cheong is also a very popular sausage in Hawaii due to large numbers of Chinese in Hawaii who have incorporated it into local cuisine.